Participation of Cytokines, Opioid, and Serotoninergic Systems on Antinociceptive and Anti‑inflammatory Activities of Simira grazielae Peixoto (Rubiaceae)

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Abstract
Pharmacognosy Research,2011,11,1,51-59.
DOI:
Published:February 2019
Type:Original Article
Authors:
Author(s) affiliations:

Gabriela Carmelinda Martins dos Santos1, Mirza Nalesso Gomes Sanches2, Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves3, Mário Geraldo de Carvalho2, Raimundo Braz-Filho4, Bruno Guimarães Marinho5

1Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL.

2Graduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL.

3Graduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL.

4Graduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro; Laboratory of Chemical Sciences/Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Science and Technology Center, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL.

5Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BRAZIL.

Abstract:

Background: Simira grazielae P. is widely found at Brazil. S. grazielae have been used to treat pain and inflammation in the Northeast of Brazil. Objective: This study investigated the mechanisms of the extract and partitions using pharmacological techniques in mice. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (20–22 g) were used in models of pain (acetic acid‑induced abdominal writhing, formalin, and tail‑flick tests) and inflammation (edema paw and air pouch tests) as well as in model for the evaluation of motor activity (open field test). Furthermore, we evaluate the probable action mechanism of S. grazielae using naloxone, L‑nitro‑arginine methyl ester, L‑arginine, glibenclamide, atropine, 4‑chloro‑DL‑phenylalanine, and ondansetron in tail‑flick test. The cytokines production was also evaluated. The methanolic extract from the S. grazielae and its partitions were administered orally at doses of 10–100 mg/kg. Results: Methanolic extract from the wood of S. grazielae (SGM) and its partitions showed antinociceptive properties in models of acute pain (SGM and ethyl acetate partition [SGMAc]) as well as in models of inflammation (dichloromethane partition [SGMD]). Prior administration of ondansetron and naloxone reduced the antinociceptive effect of SGMAc. SGMD reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) induced by carrageenan. Conclusion: The results show that the anti‑inflammatory activity showed by SGMD involves to reduction of the TNF‑α, and the antinociceptive activity showed by SGMAc has relation to participation of the serotoninergic receptors and opioid system. These evidence justify the popular therapeutic use of this species in the control of pain and inflammation.

Keywords:Extract, Nociception, opioids, Serotoninergic system, Tumor necrosis factor‑α

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The effects of orally administered methanolic extract from the Simira grazielae and its partitions (a), and different doses of the ethyl acetate partition (b) on acetic acid‑induced writhing test. In a, the mice received water, vehicle, morphine (5.01 mg/kg), methanolic extract, and its partitions (SGM, SGMAc, SGMB, SGMD, and SGMR‑100 mg/kg). In b, the mice received water and SGMAc (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The results are showed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 8). One‑way analysis of variance

The effects of orally administered methanolic extract from the Simira grazielae and its partitions (a), and different doses of the ethyl acetate partition (b) on acetic acid‑induced writhing test. In a, the mice received water, vehicle, morphine (5.01 mg/kg), methanolic extract, and its partitions (SGM, SGMAc, SGMB, SGMD, and SGMR‑100 mg/kg). In b, the mice received water and SGMAc (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The results are showed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 8). One‑way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s test was used to calculate the statistical significance. In a, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 was used to compare the vehicle‑, SGM‑, SGMAc‑, SGMB‑, SGMD‑, SGMR‑, and morphine‑treated groups with the control group. In b, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 to compare the SGMAc‑treated groups with the control group. SGM: Methanolic extract, SGMAc: Ethyl acetate partition, SGMB: Butanol partition, SGMD: Dichloromethane partition and SGMR: Residual partition

Keywords
Extract
Nociception
opioids
Serotoninergic system
Tumor necrosis factor‑α

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