Decoding Vijaya (Cannabis sativa L.) Leaves: A Comprehensive Analysis through Pharmacognosy, Physicochemical Profiling and Advanced Analytical Techniques

Background: Vijaya (Cannabis sativa L.) is an incredible therapeutic potential drug; however, it is enlisted in Upavisha[1] (mild potency poison)[2] in Ayurvedic literature. And it is mentioned in Schedule E (1) of the Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (leaves and seeds are exempted). It contains numerous constituents that interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, offering substantial medicinal benefits through its multi targeted approach. Early research has paid limited attention to the leaves of Vijaya, regarding their pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of its primary cannabinoids, Δ9-THC and CBD, for medicinal use. Objectives: To conduct comprehensive pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and analytical studies aimed at establishing the standardization and quality control of Vijaya (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves to revalidate its medicinal use. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Powder Microscopy, Qualitative, Quantitative (cannabinoids - Δ9-THC and CBD) phytochemical studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed as per the guidelines of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Quality control of medicinal plants. Results: In the plant sample FTIR showed the presence of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic amines, and nitro compounds, HPTLC showed the presence of CBN and CBD, and HPLC showed the CBDA 1.30%, CBD at 0.77%, Δ9THCA 0.001%, and Δ9THC at 0.74% (7417.38 mg/kg). Conclusion: This comprehensive study, which includes pharmacognostical and diverse analytical methods, provides comprehensive data essential for the standardization and quality assurance of C. sativa leaves for further medicinal use.