Global Research Productivity on Calotropic sps. Over the Last Decade (2011-2020): A Bibliometric Evaluation

Aim: In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis focusing on the general patterns of scientific publications about Calotropis , bibliometric analysis of Calotropis research carried out globally from 2011 to 2020. Materials and Methods: The analysis is based on 6,584 research articles identified using the Scopus database tool, further Bibliometric tools such as Biblioshiny and VOSviewer have been used to perform bibliometric analysis and build data matrixes for co-citation, coupling, scientific collaboration analysis, and co-word analysis. Results: The results show that there is an increase in the number of articles, particularly from countries like India and China. Ramos, Márcio Viana and Rahmatullah, Mohammed are identified as the most influential authors, and King Saud University, Saudi Arabia and Universidade Federal do Ceara, Brazil as key organisations. “Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review” this paper total of 1679 citations are received. Total of 105 articles published during this period are highly cited. Journal of Ethnopharmacology and International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences are the important journals identified. The most common area of the research focus has been on the most common area of the research focus has been on the Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology and Medicine. Findings: Our findings can act as a useful reference for researchers, and provide insights for directing future research on Calotropis that has potential implications for forming across the world.


INTRODUCTION
The term of therapeutic plants incorporate a different sorts of plants utilized in herbalism and a portion of these plants have a restorative exercises. These restorative plants consider as a rich assets of fixings which can be utilized in drug advancement and blend. Other than that these plants assume a basic part in the advancement of human societies around the entire world. Additionally, a few plants consider as significant wellspring of sustenance and because of that these plants suggested for their helpful qualities. These plants incorporate ginger, green tea, pecans and some others plants. Different plants their subsidiaries consider as significant hotspot for dynamic fixings. [1] Nowadays the term Alternative Medicine turned out to be normal in western culture, it centre on utilizing the plants for restorative reason. However, the current conviction that meds which come in containers or pills are the solitary drugs that we can trust and utilize. Indeed, even so the greater part of these pills and containers we take and use during our day by day life came from plants. Therapeutic  thinners, anti-infection agents and antimalaria prescriptions, contain fixings from plants. [2] Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. Calotropis procera is a native plant of North Africa referred as a tropical plant growing of about 1050 meters. Particularly it prefers the warm climate so it's distributed is maximum in Rajasthan. [3] Calotropis procera properly grows in dry and open habitat found along road-side, dry land of rural and urban region where soil is excessively drained and xerophytic conditions are available. It established very rapidly because it tolerates a high degree of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature etc and dominating the arid zones where annual precipitation is very low. [4] The number of ethanomedicinal uses of calotropis are mentioned in Ayurveda and popularly known as Raktha Arka. Traditionally it was used as an excellent substitute for ipecac, to treat cholera, elephantiasis diarrhea dysentery indigestion and used in extracting guinea worms. [5] Calotropis procera contained many biological active chemical groups including, cardenolides, steroids, tannins, glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. It exerted many pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, anticancer activities. Traditionally it was used to treat cholera, extracting guinea worms and indigestion . [6] Calotropis procera is a well-known cure in Ayurvedic and conventional time for the treatment of a scope of sicknesses. The phytochemicals of this plant should be normalized to investigate its therapeutic qualities with the assistance of different strategies. Further exploration is important to explain the phytochemical also, pharmacological parts of this plant. The presence of a number of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of Calotropis procerea is an expected hotspot for the turn of events of new medications to drug industry. [4]

RELATED LITERATURE
Several studies have looked at publication patterns in the context of subject-wise research output. [7] Bibliometric study conducted on the Celastrus paniculatus plant is presented based on selected quantitative and qualitative indicators, using Scopus international database during 2001-18 of global research output. The study analysed publication and citations, growth rate, citations impact, international collaborative papers, most productive countries, organizations, authors, journals and highly cited papers. [8] Studied the Scientometric study on Glycyrrhiza glabra world research output using the Scopus database during 1997-2016. Study covers the growth rate, global share, citation impact, and international collaboration, distribution of publications and citation pattern and high cited papers. [9] Conducted Quantitative and Qualitative study of Global Research on Terminalia arjuna Publications during 2004-2018 using Scopus database. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Done various medicinal plant research publications assessment using the scientometrics / bibliometrics indicators. All the studies were used the Scopus database in various time durations.

OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this study performance of Calotropis research output during the study period 2011 -2020, based on publications output covered in Scopus database. In particular, the study focuses on the following objectives: (i) To study the growth of world research output in Calotropis research and its citation impact. (ii) To study the top 20 most productive countries (iii) To study the most productive subject areas. (iv) To study the highly productive organisations and citation impact. (v) To study the forms for communication. (vi) To study the top most productive authors and citation impact (vii) To identify the highly cited publications (viii) To study the most preferred sources (vii) To study the most used keywords.

METHODOLOGY
Scientific publications related to Calotropis released from 2011 to 2020, were retrieved from the Scopus®(http://www.scopus.com) in May 2021. Scopus is a global multidisciplinary database with larger coverage compared to other online platforms such as Web of Science and the Scientific Electronic Library Online. Currently, it covers about 15,000 international peer-reviewed journals in the field of science and technology data [16] The study retrieved and downloaded ten years data of the world Calotropis research from the Scopus database during the study period 2011 -2020. Keywords, such as "Calotropis" ALL (Calotropis) AND PUBYEAR > 2010 AND PUBYEAR < 2021. The search string was subsequently refined, using analytical functions and tags in Scopus database, by "year wise tag", "country tag", source title tag", "collaborating countries", "author-wise", "organisation-wise" and "keywords" etc. For citing data, citations to publications were also collected from data of publications till date 25 May 2021.

ANALYSIS
Annual Growth of World Calotropis research output Table 2 and Figure      Top 20 most productive countries in Calotropis research A total of 134 countries/ regions contributed to the 6584 publications during the period 2011 -2020. The international share of articles [17] is presented in the  Figure 2 shows the top 20 productive countries ones

Subject-Wise Distribution of Research output
Publication rates and citation behaviour can vary considerably from one research area to another, and this is the reason we usually discuss the performance of papers within the same research area. [18] In this study, initially, we collected all the published research papers discussed here from the research field of Calotropis based on a broader scheme compressing 20 research areas out of 27. However, we have examined these Calotropis papers using the Scopus database. Top 20 most productive global organisations We have identified 168 organisations and the 20 most productive ones are shown in Table 4 and

Top 20 most productive authors
The research productivity in the field of Calotropis research of top 20 most productive authors varied from 25.25% (420) global publication share and 40% (1663) citations share during 2011 -2020. Table 3 six author's registered publications output above the group average of 2.96:       Figure 4).

Highly cited papers
Highly cited papers are important to the reputations of the university. [19] Table 7 and Figure 5 shows the highly cited papers published in the field of Calotropis research publication published in different journals. Most of the papers/authors from Agricultural and Biological Sciences and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics filed. Interestingly, all the highly cited papers are published in journals and the papers that have received 357 citations and these papers received 9180 (3.88%) of all citations. The total number of citations comes from the Scopus database, which shows the total number of times a particular article has been cited by the journals listed in Scopus database. Among highly cited papers, the largest participation was seen from India (4 Papers), followed by China (2 papers) Table 7 and Figure 5 provides bibliometric details of the journal with highly cited articles (articles with 3074 citations) with 34 h-index among the list; this retrieves the excellence of the journal [20] and out of the 6584 papers, 1020 (14.54%) appears in the top 20 list.

Significant Keywords
Around 168 significant keywords have been identified from the literature which throughout on the research trends in Calotropis research. Including on its Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology and Medicine uses. These keywords are listed in Table in the decreasing orders of the frequency of their occurrence in the literature during the study period 2011 -2020.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Our analysis is based exclusively on the literature retrieved from Scopus in May 2021. And is solely based on the keywords appeared in the fields of the publications. The citation Figures may also vary across these databases. The findings of this study must hence be interpreted cautiously considering continues evaluation of research evidence on the topic. Among the different bibliometric approaches, we have used fractional counting to give equal weightage to the entities involved in research articles. Though equal weightage is an advantage of this approach. In this study, we have solely used the citation numbers for identifying influential articles, though we acknowledge that a normalized score citations using the journals impact factor and age of articles would have provided a different results. We have preferred a bibliometric analysis of the global Calotropis literature published during the study period 2011 -2020, as indexed in Scopus (as of May 2021). The study considered a total of 6,584 publications having 3,993 citations. Analysis was done using bibliometric parameters with Biblioshny and networks were visualized using VOSviewer.
An increasing trend of publication growth and their corresponding citations over time signify the importance of this research topic. [21,22] Among the leading countries India, China, Saudi Arabia, and Brazil dominated by the Institutions like King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Brazil, Ministry of Education China, China, Vellore Institute of Technology, This study identifies prolific researchers, profound journals, predominating countries/institutions, forms for communicating, highly cited publications, significant keywords. The findings can act as a ready reference for researchers and serve them with useful information to formulate strategies for future studies. Researchers may find their peers and funding bodies could identify the targeted authors/institutions for possible investments.