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2016| April-June | Volume 8 | Issue 2
Online since
February 3, 2016
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Assessment of Anti-Influenza activity and hemagglutination inhibition of
Plumbago indica
and
Allium sativum
extracts
Rahul Dilip Chavan, Pramod Shinde, Kaustubh Girkar, Rajendra Madage, Abhay Chowdhary
April-June 2016, 8(2):105-111
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172562
PMID
:27034600
Background:
Human influenza is a seasonal disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Anti-flu ayurvedic/herbal medicines have played a significant role in fighting the virus pandemic. Plumbagin and allicin are commonly used ingredients in many therapeutic remedies, either alone or in conjunction with other natural substances. Evidence suggests that these extracts are associated with a variety of pharmacological activities.
Objective:
To evaluate anti-influenza activity from Plumbago indica and Allium sativum extract against Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09.
Materials
and
Methods:
Different extraction procedures were used to isolate the active ingredient in the solvent system, and quantitative HPLTC confirms the presence of plumbagin and allicin. The cytotoxicity was carried out on Madin-Darby Canine kidney cells, and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC
50
) values were below 20 mg/mL for both plant extracts. To assess the anti-influenza activity, two assays were employed, simultaneous and posttreatment assay.
Results:
A. sativum
methanolic and ethanolic extracts showed only 14% reduction in hemagglutination in contrast to
P. indica
which exhibited 100% reduction in both simultaneous and posttreatment assay at concentrations of 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL.
Conclusions:
Our results suggest that
P. indica
extracts are good candidates for anti-influenza therapy and should be used in medical treatment after further research.
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Evaluation of
In Vitro
cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of
Datura metel
Linn. and
Cynodon dactylon
Linn. extracts
Soumen Roy, Sandip Pawar, Abhay Chowdhary
April-June 2016, 8(2):123-127
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.175610
PMID
:27034603
Aim:
To evaluate
in vitro
cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of
Datura metel
L. and
Cynodon dactylon
L. extracts.
Materials and Methods:
The extraction of plants parts (
datura
seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of
durva
was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The
in vitro
cytotoxicity assay was performed
in vero
cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method.
In vitro
antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method.
Results:
We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 μg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 μg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of
D. metel,
respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of
C. dactylon
prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) value of 100 μg/ml. The IC
50
of a methanolic cold extract of
datura
fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line.
Conclusion:
We observed that plant parts of
C. dactylon
and
D. metel
have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.
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4,375
87
3
Standardization of unani antidiabetic tablet -
Qurse Tabasheer
Waris Ali, Hamiduddin Shaikh, Ansari Abdullah, Salma Khanam
April-June 2016, 8(2):147-152
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.175611
PMID
:27034607
Background:
Quality control of Unani polyherbal formulations is the need of the day for better acceptance of Unani medicine.
Qurse Tabasheer
(QT) is a Unani polyherbal formulation containing six ingredients, Tabasheer (Siliceous concretions) (
Bambosa arundinaceae
Retz.), Gule Surkh (
Rosa damascena
Mill. flower), Gulnar (
Punica granatum
Linn. flower), Tukhme kahu (
Lactuca sativa
Linn. seed), Tukhme khurfa (
Portulaca oleraceae
Linn. seed), and Gile Armani (bole) widely used in treatment of diabetes. The present study was taken up to scientifically evaluate the various physicochemical parameters to standardize the formulation.
Objective:
To evaluate various physicochemical parameters including ash values, moisture content, extractive values, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance TLC (HPTLC), friability, disintegration, uniformity, and weight variation for standardization of QT.
Materials and Methods:
Ingredients were identified by the experts. The method mentioned in national formulary of Unani Medicine with modification was followed for preparation of the tablets. Physicochemical standards were established for ideal batch of tablets on the basis of set parameters regarding friability, hardness, and disintegration. Various parameters such as organoleptic characters, extractive values for the extract and HPTLC fingerprinting postcompression were carried out for evaluation of QT.
Results:
Parameters for loss of weight on drying, pH, ash values, extractive values documented. Qualitative chemical tests indicated the presence of alkaloid, glycoside, tannins, and steroids. TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting studies showing the presence of major peaks were documented. Friability, hardness, and disintegration time of ideal batch was 0.09 ± 0.0057, 4.03 ± 0.087, and 25.57 ± 0.4860 min, respectively, and it was found to be within the set limit. Weight variation was <5%. Total fungal and bacterial counts were found to be within the limit.
Conclusion:
Standards were established for poly herbal formulation QT, which may be used as reference for preparation and standardization of QT.
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80
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Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of
Jatropha multifida
L. (Euphorbiaceae)
Kokou Anani, Yao Adjrah, Yaovi Ameyapoh, Simplice Damintoti Karou, Amegnona Agbonon, Comlan de Souza, Messanvi Gbeassor
April-June 2016, 8(2):142-146
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172657
PMID
:27034606
Background:
Jatropha multifida
is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds.
Objective:
This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract
.
Materials and Methods:
The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Pseudomoas aeruginosa
isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity.
Results:
The antibacterial assay showed an
in vitro
growth inhibition of
P. aeruginosa
and
S. aureus
in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for
S. aureus
and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for
P. aeruginosa.
The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity.
Conclusion:
J. multifida
possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.
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100
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Ameliorative effects of chloroform fraction of
Cocos nucifera
L. husk fiber against Cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats
Oluwatosin Adekunle Adaramoye, Adesola Fausat Azeez, Olufunke Elizabeth Ola-Davies
April-June 2016, 8(2):89-96
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172658
PMID
:27034598
Background:
Cisplatin (Cis) is used in the treatment of solid tumors and is known to elicit serious side effects.
Objective:
The present study investigated the protective effects of chloroform fraction of
Cocos nucifera
husk fiber (CFCN) against Cis-induced organs' damage and chromosomal defect in rats. Quercetin (QUE), standard antioxidant, served as positive control.
Materials and Methods:
Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups and treated with corn oil (control), Cis alone, Cis + CFCN, CFCN alone, Cis + QUE, and QUE alone. QUE and CFCN were given at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, by oral gavage for 7 days before the rats were exposed to a single dose of Cis (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) at the last 36 h of study.
Results:
Administration of Cis alone caused a significant (
P
< 0.05) increase in the levels of serum creatinine and urea by 72% and 70%, respectively, when compared with the control. The activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase was significantly (
P
< 0.05) increased while alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were insignificantly (
P
> 0.05) affected in Cis-treated rats. Furthermore, the activities of hepatic and renal catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of reduced glutathione were significantly (
P
< 0.05) decreased in Cis-treated rats with concomitant elevation of malondialdehyde. Cis exposure increased the frequency of micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mPCE) by 92%. Pretreatment with CFCN inhibited lipid peroxidation, enhanced the activities of some antioxidative enzymes and reduced the frequency of mPCE.
Conclusions:
Chloroform fraction of CFCN may protect against organs damage by Cis. Further studies are required to determine the component of the plant responsible for this activity.
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3,399
42
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Inhibition of Pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines by
Chlorella Vulgaris
extracts
G Sibi, Santa Rabina
April-June 2016, 8(2):118-122
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172660
PMID
:27034602
Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine the
in vitro
anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fractions from
Chlorella vulgaris
by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
Methods:
Methanolic extracts (80%) of
C. vulgaris
were prepared and partitioned with solvents of increasing polarity viz.,
n
-hexane, chloroform, ethanol, and water. Various concentrations of the fractions were tested for cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the concentrations inducing cell growth inhibition by about 50% (IC
50
) were chosen for further studies. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with varying concentrations of
C. vulgaris
fractions and examined for its effects on nitric oxide (NO) production by Griess assay. The release of prostaglandin E
2
(PGE
2
), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Celecoxib and polymyxin B as positive controls.
Results:
MTT assay revealed all the solvent fractions that inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Of all the extracts, 80% methanolic extract exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production (
P
< 0.01), PGE
2
(
P
< 0.05), TNF-α, and IL-6 (
P
< 0.001) release in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells. Both hexane and chloroform fractions recorded a significant (
P
< 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of LPS induced inflammatory mediators and cytokines
in vitro
. The anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts was not significant in the study.
Conclusion:
The significant inhibition of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by fractions from
C. vulgaris
suggests that this microalga would be a potential source of developing anti-inflammatory agents and a good alternate for conventional steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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3,209
169
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Lactoferrin from
Camelus dromedarius
inhibits nuclear transcription Factor-kappa B activation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in stimulated human chondrocytes
Naila Rasheed, Abdullah Alghasham, Zafar Rasheed
April-June 2016, 8(2):135-141
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.175612
PMID
:27034605
Background:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disorder, which remains the leading cause of chronic disability in aged people. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF)-κB is a major cellular event in OA and its activation by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a critical role in cartilage breakdown in these patients.
Objective:
In this study, we examined the effect of lactoferrin on NF-κB activation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE
2
) production in stimulated human articular chondrocytes.
Materials and Methods:
Human chondrocytes were derived from OA articular cartilage and treated with camel lactoferrin and then stimulated with IL-1β. Gene expression was determined by TaqMan assays and protein expression was studied by Western immunoblotting. NF-κB activity and PGE
2
levels were determined by ELISA based assays. NF-κB activity was also determined by treatment of chondrocytes with NF-κB specific inhibitor Bay 11–7082.
Results:
Lactoferrin inhibited IL-1β-induced activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in human OA chondrocytes. Lactoferrin also inhibited mRNA/protein expression of COX-2 and production of PGE
2
. Moreover, Bay 11–7082 also inhibited IL-1β-induced expression of COX-2 and production of PGE
2
. The inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on the IL-1β induced expression of COX-2 or production of PGE
2
was mediated at least in part via suppression of NF-κB activation.
Conclusions:
Our data determine camel lactoferrin as a novel inhibitor of IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB signaling events and production of cartilage-degrading molecule PGE
2
via inhibition of COX-2 expressions. These results may have important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention/treatment of OA and other degenerative/inflammatory diseases.
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3,218
54
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Characterization of anticancer principles of
Celosia argentea
(Amaranthaceae)
Rukhsana A Rub, Manohar J Pati, Areej A Siddiqui, Alpana S Moghe, Nasreen N Shaikh
April-June 2016, 8(2):97-104
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172659
PMID
:27034599
Background:
An Indian origin,
Celosia argentea
is a weed growing during rainy season traditionally claimed for treating several ailments. Early researches on
C. argentea
were focused on the anti-cancer screening of seeds, with few reports on aerial parts.
Objective:
To isolate and characterize bioactive compounds of aerial parts of
C. argentea
and evaluate their anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: The methanolic aerial part extract was fractionated on column chromatography using chloroform: methanol mixture. The fractions; 80:20 and 95:5 were purified on MCI-HP20 HPLC column. Chromatographically pure compounds were pooled, concentrated and characterized spectroscopically. The compounds were further screened for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic potential.
Results:
Isolated compounds were confirmed as: (1) Luteolin-7-O-glucoside and (2) phenolic, 1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. Both exhibited significant antioxidant potential with IC
50
values of 20.80 and 21.30 μg/ml for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (***
P
< 0.001) and significant Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (*
P
< 0.05) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay (****
P
< 0.0001). In 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide assay, Compound 1 and 2 showed potent cytotoxicity against SiHa, HCT, MCF-7 cancer cell lines at 20 μg/ml (****
P
< 0.0001) and 18 μg/ml (**
P
< 0.01), respectively, without affecting the normal Vero cells. Both compounds enabled maximum reduction in cell viability at 50 μg/ml against HT-29 (***
P
< 0.001) and MCF-7 cell lines (**
P
< 0.01) in try pan blue viability assay. Apoptosis occurred at concentrations of 47.33 ± 0.8 μg/ml and 56.28 ± 1.2 μg/ml for Compound 1 and 35.15 ± 0.4 μg/ml and 28.05 ± 0.3 μg/ml for Compound 2 for HT-29 and MCF-7 respectively.
Conclusion:
A novel anticancer phenolic compound; (1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzofuran-5-yl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione), isolated from aerial parts of C. argentea was a valuable finding of the research.
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3,085
72
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Oxidative stress parameters and erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administered aqueous preparation of
Kalanchoe Pinnata
leaves
Nikhil Menon, Jean Sparks, Felix O Omoruyi
April-June 2016, 8(2):85-88
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172656
PMID
:27034597
Background:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that according to the World Health Organization affects more than 382 million people. The rise in diabetes mellitus coupled with the lack of an effective treatment has led many to investigate medicinal plants to identify a viable alternative.
Objective:
To evaluate red blood cell (RBC) membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities and antioxidant levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats administered aqueous preparation of
Kalanchoe pinnata
leaves.
Materials and Methods:
Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by a single administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were then treated with aqueous
K. pinnata
preparation (three mature leaves ~ 9.96 g/70 kg body weight or about 0.14 g/kg body weight/day) for 30 days. Serum glucose, RBC membrane ATPase activities, and antioxidant levels were determined.
Results:
We noted weight loss and reduced food consumption in the treated diabetic group. Serum glucose levels were reduced in the treated diabetic group compared to the other groups. Superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels were not significantly elevated in the treated group compared to the diabetic group. However, serum catalase activity was significantly (
P
< 0.05) increased in the treated diabetic group compared to the other groups. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not significantly altered among the groups. There was a significant (
P
< 0.05) increase in Mg
2+
ATPase activity and a nonsignificant increase in Na
+
/K
+
ATPase activity in the RBC membrane of the treated diabetic group compared to the diabetic group.
Conclusion:
The consumption of aqueous preparation of
K. pinnata
may accrue benefits in the management of diabetes by lowering oxidative stress often associated with the disease and improving the availability of cellular magnesium through an increase in the magnesium ATPase pump in the RBC membrane for increased cellular metabolism of glucose through the glycolytic pathway.
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3,012
64
1
UP1304, a botanical composition containing two standardized extracts of
Curcuma longa
and
Morus alba
, mitigates pain and inflammation in Adjuvant-induced arthritic rats
Mesfin Yimam, Young-Chul Lee, Breanna Moore, Ping Jiao, Mei Hong, Jeong-Bum Nam, Mi-Ran Kim, Tae-Woo Kim, Hyun-Jin Kim, Eu-Jin Hyun, Min Chu, Lidia Brownell, Qi Jia
April-June 2016, 8(2):112-117
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.172563
PMID
:27034601
Background:
Though, the initial etiologies of arthritis are multifactorial, clinically, patients share pain as the prime complaints. Present day pain relief therapeutics heavily relies on the use of prescription and over the counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the first line of defense where their long-term usage causes gastrointestinal and cardiovascular-related side effects. Hence, the need for evidence-based safer and efficacious alternatives from natural sources to overcome the most prominent and disabling symptoms of arthritis is an overdue. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of UP1304, a composition that contains a standardized blend of two extracts from the rhizome of
Curcuma longa
and the root bark of
Morus alba
in adjuvant-induced arthritis models in rats.
Materials and Methods:
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the botanical composition were demonstrated in adjuvant-induced arthritis models in rats with oral dose ranges of 50–200 mg/kg. Ibuprofen at a dose of 100 mg/kg was used as a reference compound
. Ex vivo
sulfated glycosaminoglycan inhibition assays were performed.
Results:
Statistically significant improvements in pain resistance, suppression of paw edema and ankle thickness were observed in animals treated with UP1304 compared to vehicle-treated diseased rats. These results were similar to those achieved by ibuprofen treatment. Inhibitions of proteoglycan degradation were observed in a range of 37.5–61.7% for concentration of UP1304 at 50–200 μg/mL when compared to interleukin-1α-exposed untreated explants.
Conclusions:
These data suggest that UP1304, for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, could potentially be considered agent of botanical origin for the improvement of arthritis associated symptoms.
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2,824
49
1
Ethnobotanical study of latex plants in the maritime Region of Togo
Yao Patrick Hoekou, Tchadjobo Tchacondo, Simplice Damintoti Karou, Koffi Koudouvo, Wouyo Atakpama, Passimna Pissang, Apeti Koffi Gbogbo, Agbelessessi Yawo Woegan, Komlan Batawila, Koffi Akpagana, Messanvi Gbeassor
April-June 2016, 8(2):128-134
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.175613
PMID
:27034604
Background:
In Togo, a little is known about latex plants of the flora used for medicinal purposes.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify the latex plant species and their medicinal uses in the Maritime Region of Togo.
Materials and Methods:
The methodology was based on ethnobotanical semi-structural individual interviews of 220 informants. Quantitative ethnobotanical index was used to analyze the data.
Results:
A total of 33 latex plants species were recorded, from 12 botanical families and 24 genera. The most represented families were
Euphorbiaceae
and
Moraceae
with eight species each. The relative importance (RI) value of each species and the informant consensus factor (ICF) of the ailments categories showed that
Pergularia daemia
(Forssk.) Chiov. (RI = 2.00) and
Euphorbia hirta
L. (RI = 1.91) were the most versatile in relation to their uses, and infectious diseases (ICF = 0.922) were the category with the greatest consensus among 17 categories.
Conclusion:
These latex plants of Togolese flora are variously used in traditional medicine and it would be important to undertake further investigations in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology to validate their uses.
[ABSTRACT]
[FULL TEXT]
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2,507
60
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