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2013| October-December | Volume 5 | Issue 4
Online since
September 24, 2013
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Suppression of benign prostate hyperplasia by
Kaempferia parviflora
rhizome
Kazuya Murata, Hirotaka Hayashi, Shinichi Matsumura, Hideaki Matsuda
October-December 2013, 5(4):309-314
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118827
PMID
:24174827
Background:
Kaempferia parviflora
rhizome is used as a folk medicine in Thailand for the treatment of various symptoms. In the present study, the inhibitory activities of extract from
K. parviflora
rhizome against 5a-reductase (5aR) were subjected. Furthermore, the effects of the extract from
K. parviflorar
hizome in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were studied using the model mice.
Materials and Methods:
Preparations of extracts from the rhizomes of K. parviflora, Curcuma zedoaria
and
Zingiber officinale
, and methoxyflavones isolated from
K. parviflora
was used for 5aR inhibition assay. The effects of
K. parviflora
extract on growth suppression for the prostates and seminal vesicles were performed based on the Hershberger's method. The
K. parviflora
extract was administered to castrated mice for 14 days.
Results:
K. parviflora
extract showed more potent inhibitory activity on 5aR than
C. zedoaria
and
Z.
officinale
extracts. The active principles were identified as 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone by activity guided fractionation. Furthermore,
K. parviflora
extract suppressed the weights of prostates and seminal vesicles in BPH model rats by daily administration for 14 days.
Conclusion:
These results indicate that
K. parviflora
extract can be a promising agent for the treatment of BPH.
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4,125
54
3
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Inhibitory effect of mitragynine on human cytochrome P450 enzyme activities
NA Hanapi, S Ismail, SM Mansor
October-December 2013, 5(4):241-246
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118806
PMID
:24174816
Context:
To date, many findings reveal that most of the modern drugs have the ability to interact with herbal drugs.
Aims:
This study was conducted to determine the inhibitory effects of mitragynine on cytochrome P450 2C9, 2D6 and 3A4 activities.
Methods and Material:
The
in vitro
study was conducted using a high-throughput luminescence assay.
Statistical Analysis:
Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test with
P
< 0.05 vs. control. The IC
50
values were calculated using the GraphPad Prism
®
5 (Version 5.01, GraphPad Software, Inc., USA).
Results:
Assessment using recombinant enzymes showed that mitragynine gave the strongest inhibitory effect on CYP2D6 with an IC
50
value of 0.45±0.33 mM, followed by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 with IC
50
values of 9.70±4.80 and 41.32±6.74 mM respectively. Positive inhibitors appropriate for CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 which are sulfaphenazole, quinidine and ketoconazole were used respectively. V
max
values of CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were 0.0005, 0.01155 and 0.0137 mM luciferin formed/pmol/min respectively. K
m
values of CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were 32.65, 56.01, and 103.30 mM respectively. Mitragynine noncompetitively inhibits CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 activities with the K
i
values of 61.48 and 12.86 mM respectively. On the other hand, mitragynine inhibits CYP3A4 competitively with a K
i
value of 379.18 mM.
Conclusions:
The findings of this study reveal that mitragynine might inhibit cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, specifically CYP2D6. Therefore, administration of mitragynine together with herbal or modern drugs which follow the same metabolic pathway may contribute to herb-drug interactions.
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3,373
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3
Hepatoprotective activity of
Ficus religiosa
leaves against isoniazid+rifampicin and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity
Sundaramoorthi Angala Parameswari, Challa Madhusudhana Chetty, Kothapalli Bannoth Chandrasekhar
October-December 2013, 5(4):271-276
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118828
PMID
:24174821
Background:
The present study was designed to investigate the hepato protective effect of methanolic extract of
Ficus religisoa
L., Moraceae, on isoniazid-rifampicin and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Materials and Methods:
Male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups; group 1 served as a control received vehicle (Distilled water), group 2 served as a toxic control, received isoniazid-rifampicin (100 mg/ kg,
i.p
.) or paracetamol 200mg/kg, p.o in sterile water, groups 3, 4 and 5 received 100, 200 and 300mg/kg bw,
p.o
. methanolic extract of
F. religisoa
along with INH+RIF or paracetamol and group 6 received Liv 52 as reference standard. All the treatment protocols followed 21 days for INH+RIF model and seven days for paracetamol model, after treatment rats were sacrificed and blood was used for biochemical and liver was used for histological studies.
Results:
Administration of INH+RIF and paracetamol caused a significant elevation in the levels of liver marker enzymes (
P
< 0.05 and
P
< 0.01) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (
P
< 0.001) in experimental rats. Administration of methanolic extracts of F. religisoa significantly prevented isoniazid-rifampicin and paracetamol induced elevation in the levels of serum diagnostic liver marker enzymes and TBARS level in experimental groups of rats. Moreover, total protein and reduced glutathione levels were significantly (
P
< 0.001) increased in treatment group. The effect of extract was compared with a standard drug, Liv 52. The changes in biochemical parameters were supported by histological profile.
Conclusion:
The methanolic extract of
F. religisoa
protects against isoniazid- rifampicin and paracetamol induced oxidative liver injury in rats.
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3,079
64
3
Antioxidant and toxicological evaluation of
Cassia sophera
in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats
Rambir Singh, Priyanka Bhardwaj, Poonam Sharma
October-December 2013, 5(4):225-232
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118767
PMID
:24174814
Background:
Multiple-organ failure is the main cause of death in diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is responsible for major diabetic complications, including multiple-organ failure. Medicinal plants possessing antioxidant activity may reduce oxidative stress and improve the functions of various organs affected by hyperglycemia.
Objectives:
This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of Aqueous Extract of
Cassia sophera
(AECS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods:
AECS (200 mg/kg body weight (bw)) and the standard antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kgbw) were administered orally by gavaging for 28 days.
Results:
Oral administration of AECS inhibited STZ-induced increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, creatinine and urea in liver of diabetic rats. Significant increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and a reduced level of glutathione (GSH), were observed in the liver, kidney, pancreas and testis on AECS treatment.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrate that AECS is not only useful in controlling blood glucose, but also has antioxidant potential to protect the liver, kidney, pancreas and testis against damage caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress.
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2,821
262
2
Antineoplastic potential of
Bryophyllum pinnatum lam
. on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats
Muhammad Afzal, Imran Kazmi, Firoz Anwar
October-December 2013, 5(4):247-253
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118811
PMID
:24174817
Background:
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Lam. used in folk medicine in tropical Africa, tropical America, India, China and Australia contains a wide range of active compounds, well known for their haemostatic and wound-healing properties.
Objective:
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Lam. on N-diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced hepatic injury in rats.
Material and Methods:
The aerial part of
B. pinnatum
aqueous and ethanolic extract was prepared in doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Hepatic injury was induced by DENA. Acute toxicity was also carried out.
Result:
Treatment with different doses of ethanolic extract of
B. Pinnatum
(250 mg/kg, p.o.) was not significantly able to treat the liver injury induced by DENA, but 500 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract of
B. Pinnatum
protects the liver slightly. Treatment with different doses of aqueous extract of
B. Pinnatum
(250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (
P
*<0.05;
P
**<0.01 and
P
***<0.001) treated the liver injury induced by DENA.
Conclusion:
It may be inferred from the present study that the hepatoprotective activities of the aqueous extract of
B. Pinnatum
leaves in DENA-induced hepatotoxicity may involve its antioxidant or oxidative free radical scavenging activities by alleviating lipid peroxidation through scavenging of free radicals, or by enhancing the activity of antioxidants.
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2,869
43
2
Mast cell stabilization potential of Sitopaladi churna: An ayurvedic formulation
Inder K Makhija, Chandrashekara S Shreedhara, H.N. Aswatha Ram
October-December 2013, 5(4):306-308
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118824
PMID
:24174826
Background:
Sitopaladi churna (SPC) is a popular polyherbal ayurvedic formulation used in the treatment of allergy and respiratory diseases.
Objective:
The present study was aimed to justify the classical use of antiallergic claim by performing the mast cell stabilizing activity of extracts of SPC.
Materials and Methods:
The protective effect of aqueous extract and methanolic extract - of SPC against compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation model was carried out.
Results:
Sitopaladi churna aqueous extract (SPCA) at the dose of 300 mg/kg and Sitopaladi churna methanolic extract (SPCM) at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg showed better protection of mast cell degranulation (65%-74%) and were comparable to the standard drug ketotifen (79%), when peritoneal mast cells were treated with compound 48/80. The protection against mast cell degranulation was significant (
P
< 0.0001).
Conclusion:
From the above results, it has been justified that SPC can be used to treat allergic disorders.
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2,799
57
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Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and central nervous system depressant activities of ethanolic extract of leaves and roots of
Gomphostemma parviflorum
var.
parviflorum
wall
KM Shams-Ud-Doha, Zobaer Al Mahmud, Sitesh C Bachar, Nazmul Qais
October-December 2013, 5(4):233-240
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118777
PMID
:24174815
Background:
Gomphostemma parviflorum
(Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant of Bangladesh which has been used traditionally in the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions such as asthma, headache, fever, etc.
Objective:
To investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system (CNS) depressant and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves (GPLE) and roots (GPRE) of the plant.
Materials and Methods:
The antinociceptive potentials of the extracts were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, CNS depressant activities were evaluated using pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, Hole cross and Open field tests in mice while the anti-microbial activity was studied by
in vitro
disc diffusion method.
Results:
The extracts GPLE and GPRE significantly (
P
< 0.001) and dose dependently inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice with 73.15% and 53.69% inhibition, respectively at the dose of 200 mg/kg. At the same dose GPLE and GPRE significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced rats paw edema at the end of 4 hour with 35.54% and 28.17% inhibition, respectively. The extracts significantly prolonged the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time and decreased the locomotory activities in open field and Hole cross tests in mice. The GPLE showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 to 20 mm at a concentration of 400 μg/disc.
Conclusion:
The findings of the study indicate that the leaves and roots of
G. parviflorum
possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity and revealed the antimicrobial activities of leaves extract of the plant. The results justify the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of painful and inflammatory disorders.
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2,331
257
2
Anticonvulsant potential of ethanol extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions from
Flemingia strobilifera
root
Kavita Gahlot, Vijay Kumar Lal, Shivesh Jha
October-December 2013, 5(4):265-270
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118825
PMID
:24174820
Background:
Flemingia strobilifera
(
FS
) R.Br. (Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant. In wealth of India it has been reported that roots of
FS
are used by santals in epilepsy, hysteria, insomnia, and to relieve pain. In Burma also the roots of
F. strobilifera
are used to treat epilepsy.
Objective:
To investigate anticonvulsant potential of 95% ethanol extract and four subsequent fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the roots of
FS
against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions.
Material and Methods:
All the fractions and crude ethanol extract were administered (i.e., 200, 400, 600 mg/kg,
p.o.
) for 7 days and at the end of the treatment convulsions were induced experimentally using pentylenetetrazole and Maximal electroshock Test. Diazepam and phenytoin (4 mg/kg, i.p. and 20 mg/kg,
i.p.
, respectively) were used as reference anticonvulsant drugs against experimentally induced convulsions. The latency of tonic convulsions and the numbers of animals protected from tonic convulsions were noted.
Results:
High doses (200 and 300 mg/kg,
p.o.
) of ethyl acetate fraction and 95% ethanol crude extract (400 and 600 mg/kg,
p.o.
) significantly reduced the duration of seizure induced by maximal electroshock (MES). The same dose also protected from pentylenetetrzole-induced tonic seizures and significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures. However, pet, ether, chloroform, and aqueous fraction at any of the doses used (
i.e.
, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg,
p.o.
) did not show any significant effect on PTZ and MES induced convulsions. The treatment with crude ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction caused signs of central nervous system depressant action in the locomotor activity test, confirmed by the potentiation of sodium pentobarbital sleeping time. Both did not cause disturbance in motor coordination assessed by rotarod test.
Conclusion:
The data suggest that crude ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of roots of
Flemingia strobilifera
have a central nervous system depressant action and behave as a potential anticonvulsant. It may produce its anticonvulsant effect
via
non-specific mechanism since it reduced the duration of seizures produced by maximal electroshock as well as delayed the latency of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole.
[ABSTRACT]
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2,511
37
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Protective effect of aqueous extract of seed of
Psoralea corylifolia
(Somraji) and seed of
Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. (Methi) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat: A comparative evaluation
Tushar Kanti Bera, Kazi Monjur Ali, Kishalay Jana, Abhinandan Ghosh, Debidas Ghosh
October-December 2013, 5(4):277-285
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118840
PMID
:24174822
Background:
Psoralea corylifolia
(Somraji) and
Trigonella foenum-graecum
L. (Methi), important medicinal plants widely used in India as folk medicine. Local people of West Bengal traditionally used the seeds of these plants to cure diabetes.
Objective:
Present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of aqueous extract of seeds of these plants in separate or in composite manner in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat.
Materials and Methods:
Diabetes was induced by intramuscular injection of STZ at the dose of 40 mg/ml of citrate buffer/kg body weight. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glyclated hemoglobin (HbA
1C
) and activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase of liver in experimental animals were assessed. Hyperlipidemic state developed in the experimental diabetic rat was assessed by measuring the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoproteins in serum.
Results:
There was significant increased in the levels of FBG, HbA
1C
and lipid profiles along with diminution (
P
< 0.001) in the activities of hepatic hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and elevation in glucose-6-phosphatase in diabetic control animals in respect to the untreated control. Significant recovery (
P
< 0.05) in the activities of above mentioned enzymes along with the correction in the levels of FBG, HbA
1C
and serum lipid profiles were noted towards the control level after the treatment of composite extract (i.e. 100 mg of Somraji: 100 mg of Methi, total 200 mg/kg body weight) than the individual extract (i.e. 200 mg of Somraji or 200 mg of Methi, per kg body weight) treatment.
Conclusion:
Results suggest that composite extract of above plant parts has more potent antidiabetic efficacy than the individual extract.
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2,486
51
5
Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
in protein energy malnutrition induced liver and kidney damage
Ademola A Oyagbemi, Adebimpe A Odetola
October-December 2013, 5(4):260-264
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118817
PMID
:24174819
Introduction:
This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative and hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary supplementation of
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
leaf meal (CALM) on hepatic injury and kidney injury associated with protein energy malnutrition (PEM).
Materials and
Methods:
In this study, PEM was induced in weaning male Wistar albino rats by feeding them with low protein diet for 2 weeks. The effects of several recovery diets containing 20% soya protein or 20%
C. aconitifolius
in place of soya protein or 10% soya proteins with 10%
C. aconitifolius
or commercial rat feed were assessed in PEM rats. Plasma biochemical parameters were assessed as well.
Results:
After the induction of PEM, results obtained showed significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total proteins (T.P), total bilirubin (T.Bil), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine with significant reduction in plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), albumin, sodium (Na
+
), potassium (K
+
), chloride (Cl
−
), bicarbonate (HC03
−
), and phosphate (P04
2−
) in PEM rats. Upon introduction of recovery diets containing 20% soya protein or 20%
C. aconitifolius
in place of soya protein or 10% soya proteins with 10%
C. aconitifolius
or commercial rat feed for 4 weeks caused significant (
P
< 0.05) reduction in plasma values of ALP, ALT, AST, T.bil, T.P., LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, and significant increase in HDL and complete restoration of plasma electrolytes.
Conclusions:
C. aconitifolius
in protein deficient diets has a protective role against hepatic injury and renal damage associated with PEM.
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2,205
63
2
Modulatory of effect of fresh
Amaranthus caudatus
and
Amaranthus hybridus
aqueous leaf extracts on detoxify enzymes and micronuclei formation after exposure to sodium arsenite
Adetutu Adewale, Awe Emmanuel Olorunju
October-December 2013, 5(4):300-305
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118819
PMID
:24174825
Vegetables are the cheapest and most available sources of important proteins, minerals, vitamins, and essential amino protein. These vegetables are commonly used in Africa for the treatment of illness. This study evaluated the protective effects of
Amaranthus caudatus
and
A. hybridus
against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in rats. The effects of sodium arsenite and/or the plant extracts were assessed using bone marrow micronucleus assay and by measuring the activities of tumour maker enzymes such as gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in white albino Wister rats. The study showed that sodium arsenite significantly (
P
< 0.05) induced the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and the activities of ALP and GGT when compared with control. The levels of white blood cell, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte count were altered in sodium arsenite fed rats and were reverted back to near normal levels in rats pretreated with the plant extracts.
A. caudatus
and
A. hybridus
showed significant role in protecting the detoxifying enzymes; also,
A. caudatus
has a more protective effect on reducing the micronuclei formation when compared with
A. hybridus
. This study suggests that
A. caudatus
and
A. hybridus
possess anticarcinogenic effect.
[ABSTRACT]
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2,150
48
5
Antinociceptive and anticonvulsant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of
Jasminum grandiflorum
(jasmine) leaves in experimental animals
Rajesh K Gupta, Pooja S Reddy
October-December 2013, 5(4):286-290
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118813
PMID
:24174823
Jasminum grandiflorum
belongs to the family Oleaceae and is known to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiulcer activities. The present study was undertaken to study its analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in rats and mice. The antinociceptive activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of
J. grandiflorum
leaves (HEJGL) was studied using tail flick and acetic acid - induced writhing method. Similarly, its anticonvulsant activity was observed by maximal electroshock (MES) method and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) method. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test. At doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, HEJGL showed significant analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in experimental animals. In view of its analgesic and anticonvulsant activity, the JGL extract can be used in painful conditions as well as in seizure disorders.
[ABSTRACT]
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2,007
36
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Comparative DNA profiling, phytochemical investigation, and biological evaluation of two
Ficus
species growing in Egypt
El-Sayeda A El-Kashoury, Mona H Hetta, Nemat Z Yassin, Hossam M Hassan, Sally A El-Awdan, Naglaa I Afifi
October-December 2013, 5(4):291-299
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118815
PMID
:24174824
Aim and Background:
A comparison between two
Ficus species
, cultivated in Egypt, was carried out in this study. Their DNA analysis revealed that they are not closely related.
Materials and Methods:
The pharmacopoeial constants of the leaves showed higher total ash and acid insoluble ash in
F. lyrata
than in
F. platypoda
. The other parameters were close in both species. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate and/or glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterols, and triterpenes in their leaves and was detected in traces in their stems.
Results:
Saponification of n-hexane extract of the leaves yielded 46% and 74.8% for the unsaponifiable matters and 20% and 15% for the fatty acids for
F. platypoda
and
F. lyrata
, respectively. n-Docosane (21.69%) and n-heptacosane (33.77%) were the major hydrocarbons in F. platypoda and
F. lyrata
, respectively. b-Sitosterol was the main sterol, palmitic (22.07%) and carboceric (35.72%) acids were the major identified saturated fatty acids in both species, while linoleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid (18.66% and 16.7%) in both species, respectively. The acute toxicity study revealed that the two species were safe up to 2 g/kg. The antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and pyrogallol as the standard was more significant for
F. platypoda
(232.6 μg/ml) than for
F. lyrata
, (790.9 μg/ml). The oral antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats using alloxan revealed that the 80% ethanolic extract of the leaves of
F. platypoda
was more active than that of the leaves of
F. lyrata
in decreasing the blood glucose level at 200 mg/kg/day (107.9 ± 5.817, 127.2 ± 4.359) and 400 mg/kg/day (64.11 ± 4.358, 127.7 ± 6.889), respectively, when compared with the diabetic control gliclazide (172.3 ± 2.089).
Conclusion:
The results of this study provide evidence that the two
Ficus species
have antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity, in the order
F. platypoda
and then
F. lyrata
[ABSTRACT]
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1,995
30
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Analysis of amide compounds in different parts of
Piper ovatum
Vahl by high-performance liquid chromatographic
Daniel R Silva, Mislaine A Brenzan, Lauro M Kambara, Lucia E. R. Cortez, Diógenes A. G. Cortez
October-December 2013, 5(4):254-259
DOI
:10.4103/0974-8490.118812
PMID
:24174818
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[EPub]
[PubMed]
1,928
47
-
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