02665nas a2200265 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159260001500228300001000243490000600253520177500259653001302034653002402047653000902071653002702080653001902107100003702126700003002163700002602193700003002219700003202249700002302281700002702304856006802331 2016 eng d00aIlex paraguariensis Promotes Orofacial Pain Relief After Formalin Injection: Involvement of Noradrenergic Pathway0 aIlex paraguariensis Promotes Orofacial Pain Relief After Formali cMarch 2016 a31-370 v83 a

Background: Drinking mate or chimarrão, a hot infusion of Ilex paraguariensis (ILEX) leaves, is a common habit in Southern South America that has a social and almost ritualistic role. It has been used as a stimulant beverage in South America and analgesic in regions of Argentina for treatment of headache and others painful inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of I. paraguariensis infusion (ILEX) on orofacial nociception model induced by formalin, and study its mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: The analgesic effect of ILEX was assessed through writhing test, paw formalin test, paw edema induced by carrageenan, and orofacial pain induced by formalin. To study the action mechanism of ILEX, opioidergic, dopaminergic, nitrergic, and adrenergic pathways were investigated. Results: The high‑performance liquid chromatography analysis of ILEX infusion revealed caffeine and theobromine. The treatment with ILEX reduced the number of writhing. However, it was effective neither in the formalin paw test nor in the paw edema induced by carrageenan. Different from formalin paw test, ILEX was able to reduce the orofacial reactivity to formalin in 31.8% (70.4 ± 2.5 s; first phase), and 20% (127.3 ± 18.9 s; second phase). The analgesic effect of ILEX results from the modulation of noradrenergic pathways since prazosin (α1‑adrenoceptor antagonist, 0.15 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) reversed the analgesic effect of ILEX. Conclusions: The present report demonstrates that analgesic effect of ILEX in orofacial formalin test is due mainly to modulation of noradrenergic pathways.

10aCaffeine10aIlex paraguariensis10amate10anoradrenergic pathways10aorofacial pain1 ade Carvalho, Eudislaine, Fonseca1 ade Oliveira, Simone, Kobe1 aNardi, Viviane, Koepp1 aGelinski, Tathiana, Carla1 aBortoluzzi, Marcelo, Carlos1 aMaraschin, Marcelo1 aNardi, Geisson, Marcos uhttps://www.phcogres.com/article/2016/8/5/1041030974-8490178643