@article {1242, title = {Evaluation of Mixer of Essential Oils and their Standard Components against Fungi Causing Superficial Mycosis in Human}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {339-346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Background: Dermatophytoses are responsible for almost one-quarter of all fungal infections globally. When treatable, these challenging fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are becoming more resistant to standard antifungal medications and frequently call for lengthy therapeutic regimens. Objectives: Essential oils have been used to cure a range of diseases for ages. In present study combination effect of volatile oils obtained from Trachyspermum ammi, Coriandrum sativum and Cymbopogon martinii were evaluated against four selected dermatophytic fungi namely Microsporum canis, M. fulvum, Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentarophytes. Materials and Methods: Four combinations like T. ammi + Cymbopogon martinii, T. ammi + Coriandrum sativum, Cymbopogon martinii + C. sativum, T. ammi + Cymbopogon martinii + C. sativum were prepared and evaluated through semisolid agar antifungal susceptibility methods. Results: During present investigation T. rubrum was found to be most resistant fungus. Combination of T. ammi with C. sativum showed excellent results as compared to T. ammi and C. martinii. Combination of C. martinii and C. sativum was less effective as compared to other combinations. MIC was ranging from 0.1 μL/mL to 0.4 μL/mL against test fungi. Conclusion: Although essential oils are frequently combined in the use of aromatherapy to cure infectious disorders, there is very little data to back up this practice. This study supports the concurrent usage of blended essential oils in some way.

}, keywords = {Combination, Dermatophytes, Essential oil, MIC.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.43}, author = {Neetu Jain} } @article {1153, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Male and Female Schinus terebinthifolius}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {484-491}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

Background: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant popularly known as pink pepper tree, commonly used for wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial purposes. Furthermore, its fruit is used in culinary. Objectives: In order to further understand the composition and bioactivities of S. terebinthifolius essential oil from vegetative and reproductive parts of the tree, we evaluated the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Essential Oils (EO) obtained from different aerial parts of male and female plants. Materials and Methods: The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation; the antioxidant activity was evaluated via two in vitro assays with different mechanisms of action (DPPH and ORACFL) and the chemical composition was determined via GC-MS. Results: The EO from leaf, inflorescence and fruit of S. terebinthifolius showed distinct chemical profiles, yields and antioxidant potentials. Conclusion: The aerial parts of S. terebinthifolius may be used as a natural source of antioxidants, since all samples showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly in the DPPH assay.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Brazilian Pepper Tree, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.050}, author = {Mara Junqueira Carneiro and Guilherme Perez Pinheiro and Andressa Mara Baseggio and M{\'a}rio Roberto Mar{\'o}stica-J{\'u}nior and Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya} } @article {1133, title = {Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus globulus Cultivated in the Mountainous Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): Chemical Profile and Antileishmanial Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {297-306}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {297}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis (EORo) and Eucalyptus globulus (EOEg) cultivated in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to verify the leishmanicidal potential, as well as to determine the cytotoxicity in vitro in mammalian cells. EORo had α-Pinene (37.99\%), Cineol (21.48\%), D-Verbenone (5.78\%) and Limonene (3.28\%) as major constituents. The EOEg had as major components Cineol (75.52\%), Limonene (8.82\%) and o-Cymeno (7.81\%). The EOEg had a lower IC50 value of 14.03 {\textpm} 2.08 μg/mL, while EORo had an IC50 value of 31.12 {\textpm} 4.6 μg/mL, both during the 24-hr exposure period. In the 48-hr period, the IC50 value was almost twice as high with rosemary oil, while in eucalyptus oil there was no significant difference when exposed in this period. The selectivity of EOs was demonstrated in murine cells, showing almost 30 times less toxic to the cell than to the parasite. It can be concluded that this is a pioneering study on the potential of these essential oils against the leishmania parasite. Furthermore, the low toxicity effect on the host cell encourages future studies and in vivo applications.

}, keywords = {cytotoxicity, E. globulus, Essential oil, Leishmanicidal, R. officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.032}, author = {Rog{\'e}ria Cristina Zauli and Tarc{\'\i}sio Martins Santos and Alberto Wisniewski Jr and Patr{\'\i}cia Xander and Aislan Cristina Rheder Fagundes Pascoal} } @article {1058, title = {Comparative Analysis of Antidermatophytic Potential of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Stored in Different Temperature Condition for Two Years}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {241-245}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

Background: Cymbopogon citratus commonly known as lemon grass is a valuable medicinal plant. In present investigation variation in the antidermatophytic potential of C. citratus essential oil was estimated in different temperature and storage periods. Materials and Methods: C. citratus essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation methods and kept in amber bottles in three different temperature conditions like room temperature (variable from 8-45{\textdegree}C), refrigerator temperature(2-6{\textdegree}C) and 30{\textdegree}C for 2 years. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined after every fourth month of storage against selected dermatophytes. Results: Antidermatophytic activity of C. citratus oil was found prominent due to high concentration of citral derivatives. MIC was found to be stable against Trichophyton rubrum (MTCC 296) (0.1μL/mL) and T. mentagrophytes (MTCC 7687) (0.1μL/mL) at the end of experiment in all three temperature conditions. 30{\textdegree}C temperature condition was also found quite stable. A very slight increase of MIC was found against Candida albicans (MTCC 3018) and Microsporum fulvum (MTCC 2837) at 24 months (Sixth testing) of storage. Oil stored at room temperature showed variation in MIC as compared to initial one. MIC was found to double against M. fulvum (MTCC 2837) at sixth testing (0.4μL/mL) of storage as compared to first testing (0.2μL/mL). Conclusion: Present work concluded that essential oil stored in low temperature condition can maintained their primary composition and properties for long time. Therefore, storing of essential oil products in low temperature (below 8{\textdegree}C) condition is best practices for long time application of medicinal products.

}, keywords = {C. citratus, Dermatophytes, Essential oil, Longevity, MIC, Storage}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.34}, author = {Neetu Jain and Meenakshi Sharma} } @article {853, title = {Cytotoxic Essential Oil from Annona sengalensis Pers. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2010}, pages = {211-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The cytotoxicity against brine shrimp of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) was studied. The confirmation of this toxicity has been done by using selected tumor cell lines (A549, HT29, MCF 7, RPMI, and U251). The results showed that the total oil and its fractions have showed mild to moderate cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay with LC50 = 27.3 μg/ml, and against some human tumor cell lines. The total oil and its fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Seventy three compounds were identified.

}, keywords = {Annona senegalensis, Brine shrimp, cytotoxicity, Essential oil, GC/MS}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.69105}, author = {A L Ahmed, and S E M Bassemx and Y H Mohamed and MW Gamila} } @article {200, title = {Anatomical Description and in vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze (Aristolochiaceae) Extract on Oral Micro-organisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Background: Aristolochia esperanzae Kuntze (Aristolochiaceae) is a plant present in the Brazilian flora, with few studies in the dental area, but used in integrative therapies to treat some health problems. Objectives: The initial purpose was to make an anatomical description of A. esperanzae and then test its antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on specific oral micro-organisms-Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: For the pharmacognostic study, the samples were fixed in formaldehyde, acetic acid and 70\% ethyl alcohol and stored in 70\% ethanol. For the in vitro study, to obtain the essential oil (OE) and hydrolate, the plant material was mechanically macerated and subjected to hydrodistillation in Clevenger and then frozen until the time of testing. The EO was diluted in dimethylsulfoxide and the tests performed were agar diffusion (disc-diffusion) with isolated bacteria and MIC. A 0.12\% chlorhexidine digluconate solution was used as a positive control and 0.9\% sodium chloride as a negative. Results: The anatomical study showed the presence of hook-shaped trichomes and stomatal complexes. Regarding the microbiological results, they were negative for the extracts used. Conclusion: The anatomical findings may guide future studies related to the pharmacognostic properties of A. esperanzae and both OE and hydrolate did not have an antibacterial effect against S. mutans, P. gingivalis and E. faecalis.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Dentistry, Essential oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_52_20}, author = {Carlos Roberto Botelho-Filho and Gabriela Keiko Izumi and Juliana Campos Vieira and Fernanda Mara de Paiva Bertoli and Ant{\^o}nio Pedro Ricomini Filho and Leila Teresinha Maranho and Flares Baratto-Filho and Marilisa Carneiro Le{\~a}o Gabardo} } @article {70, title = {Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Oral Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) Landrum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {65-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Background: Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus is a native species from Brazil, whose leaves are used in the traditional culture as medicinal plants, being reported with antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze and characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) extracted from the leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus, as well as to evaluate its potential for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria inhabiting the human oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The extraction was performed by steam distillation and the chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potential of the EO against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Different dilutions of the EO (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, and 0.039\%, v/v) were tested against the micro-organisms in disk diffusion tests to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: The extraction yielded 0.65\% of EO in relation to fresh leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus. GC-MS analysis identified eugenol, eucalyptol, and limonene as the major compounds of its. The material showed antimicrobial activity, especially against E. faecalis, with moderate activity against S. aureus, both at concentrations from 1.25\% to 10\%. Conclusion: The results suggested that this EO presents potential of activity against the oral micro-organisms here evaluated.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Essential oil, eugenol, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_83_19}, author = {Leila Teresinha Maranho and Elaine Cristina Rosas and Tha{\'\i}s Andrade Costa and Jo{\~a}o Luiz Coelho Ribas and Flares Baratto-Filho and Marilisa Carneiro Le{\~a}o Gabardo} } @article {270, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Aerial Parts of Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {130}, abstract = {

Background: Genus Senecio is known by its phenolic constituents, terpenoids, essential oil (EO), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. No previous reports could be traced about the phytochemical study of Senecio acaulis. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition and biological potentiality of EO of S. acaulis aerial parts and to study the phytoconstituents of the plant extract and its spasmolytic activity. Materials and Methods: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In-vitro screen of antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities was determined against positive controls. Column chromatography was used to isolate the phytoconstituents from chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions; their structures were elucidated using physical and spectral methods. Spasmolytic activity was measured before and after K+-induced contractions on isolated rabbit jejunum. DNA-fingerprint was established by RAPD-PCR technique using 12 primers. Results: The study of EO revealed the detection of 22 compounds representing 81.08\% of the oil composition. The major constituents were D-limonene (13.32\%), β-pinene (11.54\%), and sabinene (10.79\%). Eight compounds were isolated from the plant extract and identified as β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin. The oil exhibited moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The oil showed a significant antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans and weak antileishmanial activity. In isolated rabbit jejunum, the ethanol extract produced a relaxation of spontaneous and moderate effect against high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. Amplification of DNA yielded 87 RAPD fragments. Conclusion: Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip essential oil can be used as antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, the spasmolytic activity of its ethanolic extract suggests its incorporation in antidiarrheal preparations. Further clinical trials are required to evaluate these effects on humans. Identification of twenty two compounds in its essential oil, isolation of eight compounds for the first time as well as authentication of the plant via DNA finger print may play an important role in its chemotaxonomic classification.

}, keywords = {DNA-fingerprinting, Essential oil, Phytoconstituents, Senecio acaulis, Spasmolytic activity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_149_17}, author = {Rehab M. S. Ashour and Abeer M. El Sayed and Mohamed F. Elyamany and Dina R. Abou-Hussein} } @article {572, title = {Chemical Composition Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Essential oil of Atalantia monophylla Correa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s52-s56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s52}, abstract = {

Background: Atalantia monophylla Correa. a small tree belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is distributed throughout India and in Tamil Nadu the species is commonly seen in foothills of dry vegetation. Objective: The aim was to hydrodistillate and analyze the chemical composition of essential oil from the fresh leaves of A. monophylla Correa. collected in two different seasons (December, 2013 and May, 2014) and to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of isolated essential oil. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of isolated essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity of oil was assessed using five different antioxidant test systems. Antibacterial activity of oil was tested against six pathogenic bacteria by broth dilution method. Results: Essential oil obtained from the leaves collected during May, 2014 had shown more compounds. Antioxidant activity of oil was moderate when compared with positive control. Minimum inhibitory concentration value of oil was ranges between 139.32 {\textpm} 0.001 and 541.11 {\textpm} 0.003 {\textmu}g/mL against all the tested bacteria. Conclusion: Result clearly indicates essential oil collected during May, 2014 showed more bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Atalantia monophylla, Essential oil, Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.152009}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Ramya Gunasekar and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath} } @article {415, title = {Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) grown in R. Macedonia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {74-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Background: There are no information of the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of berries (EOB) or leaves (EOL) of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) growing wild in R. Macedonia. Materials and Methods: Plant material was collected from two localities during two seasons. Essential oil composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry (GC/FID/MS) and antimicrobial screening was made by disc diffusion and broth dilution method. Results and Discussion: EOB yield ranged from 1.6-9.4 ml/kg and from 8.9-13.9 ml/kg for EOL. Two chemotypes of essential oil were differentiated, α-pinene-type (with 70.81\% α-pinene in EOB and 33.83\% in EOL), also containing limonene, β-pinene and β-myrcene while the sabinene-type (with 58.85-62.58\% sabinene in EOB and 28.52-29.49\% in EOL), was rich in α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, cis-thujone, terpinolene and α-thujene. The most sensitive bacteria to the antimicrobial activity of EOB was Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 31 {\textmu}l/ml). EOL have showed high activity towards: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae (MIC = 125 {\textmu}l/ml). The pinene-type of essential oil showed moderate activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp. and Campylobacter jejuni (MIC \>50\%). The sabinene-type of the oil showed moderate activity to Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemopilus influenzae, Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli (MIC \>50\%). No activity was observed toward Candida albicans. Conclusion: The analysis of EOB and EOL revealed two chemotypes (α-pinene and sabinene type) clearly depended on the geographical origin of the Macedonian Juniperus excelsa which also affected the antimicrobial activity of these oils.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Essential oil, Gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometry analysis, Juniper berries and leaves, Juniperus excelsa.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147212}, author = {Floresha Sela and Marija Karapandzova and Gjose Stefkov and Ivana Cvetkovikj and Svetlana Kulevanova} } @article {406, title = {The optimization of essential oils supercritical CO2 extraction from Lavandula hybrida through static-dynamic steps procedure and semi-continuous technique using response surface method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {57-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate crucial variables in essential oils extraction process from Lavandula hybrida through static-dynamic and semi-continuous techniques using response surface method. Materials and Methods: Essential oil components were extracted from Lavandula hybrida (Lavandin) flowers using supercritical carbon dioxide via static-dynamic steps (SDS) procedure, and semi-continuous (SC) technique. Results: Using response surface method the optimum extraction yield (4.768\%) was obtained via SDS at 108.7 bar, 48.5{\textdegree}C, 120 min (static: 8{\texttimes}15), 24 min (dynamic: 8{\texttimes}3 min) in contrast to the 4.620\% extraction yield for the SC at 111.6 bar, 49.2{\textdegree}C, 14 min (static), 121.1 min (dynamic). Conclusion: The results indicated that a substantial reduction (81.56\%) solvent usage (kg CO2/g oil) is observed in the SDS method versus the conventional SC method.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, lavandin, Lavandula hybrida, Response surface method, Static-dynamic steps, Supercritical carbon dioxide.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147209}, author = {Hossein Kamali and Noushin Aminimoghadamfarouj and Ebrahim Golmakani and Alireza Nematollahi} } @article {703, title = {Analysis of the Essential Oil Components from Different Carum copticumL. Samples from Iran}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {December,2013}, pages = {62-66}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, keywords = {Ajwain, Carum copticum L, Essential oil, GC analysis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.122920}, author = {Mohammad M Zarshenas and Soliman Mohammadi Samani and Peyman Petramfar and Mahmoodreza Moein} } @article {794, title = {Constituents of Artemisia indica Willd. from Uttarakhand Himalaya: A source of Davanone}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {May,2014}, pages = {257-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Background: The genus Artemisia is important due to its medicinal properties as well as vital aroma compounds of commercial value. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the potential of the essential oil of Artemisia indica wildly growing in Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Artemisia indica Willd. (Asteraceae), collected from wild growing habitat of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand (north of India) at full flowering stage were hydro-distilled and gave pale yellow oil with the yield of 0.8\% (v/w). The obtained essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS and identified 32 components, amounting 95.42\% of the oil. Results: Among detected compounds, the principal component was found to be davanone (30.80\%), followed by β-pinene (15.30\%) and germacrene-D (5.82\%). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on A. indica from Himalayan region of India, which detected davanone as major component. The species, collected from a specific location, can be explored for isolation of davanone for its industrial utilization and as alternate source of Artemisia pallens, which have already established commercial value.

}, keywords = {Artemisia indica, Davanone, Essential oil, GC-MS, Himalaya}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.132607}, author = {S. Zafar Haider and Manindra Mohan and Harish Chandra Andola} } @article {725, title = {Development and Validation of a High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Determination of 1, 8-Cineole in Callistemon Citrinus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {143-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {143}, abstract = {

A new, simple, precise, rapid, and selective high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the estimation of 1, 8-cineole in volatile oil of leaves of Callistemon citrinus obtained by hydro distillation. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and can be utilized for routine analysis. The retention factor for 1, 8-cineole was found to be 0.52. The linearity was found to be in the range of 3 μg-12 μg. The recovery obtained for 1, 8-cineole was 98\%, which is satisfactory. The result obtained in validation indicate the accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability of the developed HPTLC method for determination of 1, 8-cineole.

}, keywords = {1, 8-cineole, Callistemon citrinus, Essential oil, High performance thin layer chromatographic}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.129034}, author = {Archana Shaha and Vijay R Salunkhe} } @article {720, title = {Presence of monoterpene synthase in four Labiatae species and Solid-Phase Microextraction- Gas chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis of their aroma profiles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {138-142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {138}, abstract = {

Background: The family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) has included some medicinal plants. some monoterpene synthases, including linalool and limonene synthases, have been cloned and functionally characterized from several plants of Labiatae family. Materials and Methods: In this study, presence of linalool and limonene synthases, in four species of Labiatae family including Nepeta cataria, Lavandula angustifolia, Hyssopus officinalis and Salvia sclarea has been determined by molecular biological techniques together with the Head space SPME - GC-MS analysis of the aroma profile of these species. Results: Indicated that none of the plant species produced distinguishable bands with primer pairs related to d-limonene synthase. Distinguishable bands around 1800 bp in cDNA samples of L. angustifolia, H. officinalis and S. sclarea were observed regarding to the presence of linalool synthase. Head space SPME-GC-MS analysis of the aroma profiles of the above-mentioned plants showed that linalool (31.0\%), linalyl acetate (18.2\%), were found as the major compounds of L. angustifolia, while geraniol (5.5\%), nerol (34.0\%) and α- citral (52.0\%) were identified as the main compounds of the N. cataria. The major components of H. officinalis and S. sclarea oils were determined as cis-pinocamphone (57.3\%), and linalool (19.0\%), linalyl acetate (51.5\%), respectively. Conclusion: H. officinalis was rich of cyclic monoterpenes, L. angustifolia, N. cataria and S. sclarea showed considerable amount of linear monoterpenes. The aroma profile of the above-mentioned plants contained low concentration of sesquiterpenes except N. cataria, which indicated no sesquiterpene. The profiles of the main components of these plants are in agreement with molecular assays.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Headspace solid phase microextraction, Labiatae, Monoterpene synthase}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.129033}, author = {Soodabeh Saeidnia and Ahmad Reza Gohari and Azita Haddadi and Gholamreza Amin and Marjan Nikan and Abbass Hadjiakhoondi} } @article {660, title = {Volatile Constituents of Saussurea Costus Roots Cultivated in Uttarakhand Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = { 179-182}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Background:Saussurea costus\ (Falc.) Lipschitz, syn\ Saussurea lappa\ C.B. Clarke, one of the best-known species within this genus, is commonly known as costus. Due to the remarkable biological activity of\ S. costus\ and its constituents it will have an appropriate place in various systems of medicines all over the globe.\ Objective:\ The main aim is to study the volatile constituents of\ S costus\ cultivated in Uttarakhand Himalayas.\ Material and Methods:\ The volatile constituents were isolated from the root of\ S costus\ cultivated in Chamoli district of Uttrarakhand by hydro distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).\ Results:\ A total 35 aroma compounds representing about 92.81\% of the total composition were identified. Aldehyde like (7Z, 10Z, 13Z)-7, 10, 13-hexadecaterinal (25.5\%) was found as a major compound including other ketones like dehydrocostus lactone (16.7\%), alcohols like elemol (5.84\%), γ-costol (1.80\%), vulgarol B (3.14\%), valerenol (4.20\%), and terpinen-4-ol (1.60\%), etc. Esters and acids were found to be completely absent in our samples.\ Conclusion:S. costus\ volatile oil constituents are superior in terms of total identified constituents. Where relative area quantum is higher in Uttarakhand Himalayas samples, when compared with those originated to China and Korea.

}, keywords = {C.B. Clarke, Essential oil, GC-MS, Saussurea Costus}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112424}, author = {Garima Gwari and Ujjwal Bhandari and Harish Chandra Andola and Hema Lohani and Nirpendra Chauhan} } @article {635, title = {Volatile oil of Artemisia Santolina Decreased Morphine Withdrawal Jumping in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {118-120}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Introduction:\ Flowered aerial parts of\ Artemisia santolina\ Schrenk (Asteraceae), which is found in the central and western regions of Iran were collected from Khorasan province and the volatile oil extracted by hydro distillation.\ Materials and Methods:\ The oil (0.5\% v/w) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS using DB-5 column. The effect of this oil on the withdrawal syndrome was determined in mice. After induction of dependency by morphine, mice were intraperitoneally administered different concentrations of the oil. Morphine-withdrawal inducing by naloxone was assessed by recording the incidence of escape jumps for 60 min.\ Results:\ The results indicated that a significant difference between the essential oil received group (at dose of 3.6 mg/kg) and control group was shown but the lower doses were not effective. Essential oil analysis showed that there were forty-six components, representing 95.4\% of the oil.\ Conclusion:\ The oil of\ A. santolina\ which is rich in oxygenated monoterpenes with the major components,\ trans-verbenol (34.6\%) and\ p-mentha3-en-8-ol (13.1\%), can decreased the number of withdrawal jumping in addicted mice.

}, keywords = {Artemisia santolina, Asteraceae, Essential oil, Morphine withdrawal}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110542 }, author = {Ahmad R Gohari and Mahdieh Kurepaz-Mahmoodabadi and Soodabeh Saeidnia} } @article {957, title = {Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity of Essential oil of Cupressus arizonica E.L. Greene Against Malaria Vector Anopheles Stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae),}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {135-139}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Background: Using botanical insecticides as an alternative biocontrol technique for vector control is considered by some scientists. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, the mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil of Cupressus arizonica was investigated against fourth instar larvae of laboratory-reared An. stephensi according to the method of the World Health Organization. Results: Of 46 constituents in the oil, limonene (14.44\%), umbellulone (13.25\%) and α-pinene (11\%) were determined as the main constituents. Cupressus arizonica volatile oil showed significant larvicidal activity against An. stephensi with LC50 and LC90 values 79.30 ppm and 238.89 ppm respectively. Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 160 ppm essential oil with almost 100\% mortality. Discussion: The results from this study revealed that C. arizonica essential oil could be considered as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi. However, the field evaluation of the formulation is necessary.

}, keywords = {Anopheles stephensi, Botanical insecticide, Cupressus arizonica, Essential oil, Iran, Vector control}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.81962}, author = {Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat and Alireza Sanei Dehkordi and Mahnaz Khanavi and Mohammad Reza Abai and Fatemeh Mohtarami and Hassan Vatandoost} } @article {813, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Juniperus excelsa M. B subsp. Polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {128-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Juniperus excelsa M.B subsp. Polycarpos (K.Koch), collected from south of Iran, was subjected to hydrodistillation using clevenger apparatus to obtain essential oil. The essential was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and studied for antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. The results indicated α-pinene (67.71\%) as the major compound and α-cedral (11.5\%), δ3-carene (5.19\%) and limonene (4.41\%) in moderate amounts. Antimicrobial tests were carried out using disk diffusion method, followed by the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to essential oil. The oil showed radical scavenging and antioxidant effects.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil, Juniperus excelsa, Thin layer chromatography autographic assay}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65505}, author = {MR Moein and Y Ghasemi and S Moein and M Nejati} } @article {739, title = {The Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf oil of Cupressus lusitanica from Monteverde, Costa Rica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {March 2010}, pages = {19-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

The essential oils from the leaves of three different individuals of Cupressus lusitanica were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. A total of 49 compounds were identified in the leaf oils. The major components of C. lusitanica leaf oil were α-pinene (40\%-82\%), limonene (4\%-18\%), isobornyl acetate (up to 10\%) and cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene (up to 7\%). The essential oil was screened for antimicrobial activity, and it showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.

}, keywords = {5-diene, Antimicrobial, cis -muurola-4(14), Composition, Cupressus lusitanica, Essential oil, Isobornyl acetate, Limonene, α-pinene}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.60585}, author = {Sara L Hassanzadeh and Jessika A Tuten and Bernhard Vogler and William N Setzer} } @article {783, title = {Essential Oil Composition of Fruits and Leaves of Zanthoxylum nitidum Grown in Upper Assam Region of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation from the fruits and leaves of Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC (Rutaceae), growing in upper Assam region of North-East India were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The fruit volatile oil contained 17 components amongst which 75\% were monoterpenes, 12.5\% were sesquiterpenes and 12.5\% were straight chain hydrocarbons; whereas the leaf volatile oil contained 16 components out of which 60\% were monoterpenes, 13.3\% were sesquiterpenes, and 26.7\% were straight chain hydrocarbons. Linalool (23.3\%), limonene (12.9\%), 6-terpineol (8.3\%), 6-pinene (7.9\%) were the predominant monoterpenes of the fruit oil and the main monoterpenes in the leaf oil were limonene (33.1\%), geraniol (10.6\%) and carvone (9.6\%).

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Limonene, Linalool, Monoterpenes, Zanthoxylum nitidum}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Sanjib Bhattacharya and Md. Kamaruz Zaman} }