@article {1219, title = {A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutical and Ethnobotanical Aspects, Phytoconstituent and Pharmacological Activity of Aesculus indica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {203-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aesculus indica Wall. Ex Camb. Hook, a member of the Hippocastanaceae family, exhibits robust growth in colder climates worldwide, showcasing its remarkable adaptability. Within its various components lie a diverse array of constituents, each harboring a treasury of advantageous compounds that have found utility across a spectrum of applications. These applications encompass the amelioration of gastrointestinal disturbances, facilitation of hemostasis, management of diabetes, and mitigation of various dermatological afflictions. Through a comprehensive synthesis of information gleaned from an array of authoritative sources including meticulous literature surveys, our study provides a thorough dissection. It traverses the multifaceted tapestry of this plant{\textquoteright}s applications, devlopes into its intricate chemical composition, and elucidates its nuanced effects on human health and well-being. This compendium stands as an invaluable reservoir, poised to aid and embolden scientists and researchers engaged in the exploration of natural products. Its content, meticulously aggregated and meticulously crafted, promises a resourceful springboard for their scholarly inquiries while assuring originality and authenticity in their pursuits.

}, keywords = {Aesculus indica, Anti-diabetic activite, Antimicrobial activity., Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology activity, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.26}, author = {Shubham Anand and Arijit Chaudhuri and Neha Chopra and Devendra Dhanorya and Manoj Kumar Bajhaiya and Gujjala Sai Sri Harsha and Vijeta Bhattacharya and Udichi Kataria and Gaurav Kumar} } @article {1221, title = {Macro-Microscopic and HPTLC Atlas of Argyreia sericea Dalzell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {357-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {357}, abstract = {

Background: Argyreia sericea Dalzell (Convolvulaceae) is a densely hirsute stout climbing shrub found throughout the dry deciduous forests of India. A. sericea is morphologically related to Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer and Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke which are used in traditional systems of medicine for treatment of various diseases. As related species look similar in dried form. Objectives: A macro-microscopic and HPTLC study was planned on whole plant parts of A. sericea to analyze key distinguishing characters. Materials and Methods: Standard pharmacopoeial procedures were employed to obtain all the results of the study. Results: Surface characters, odour and taste; transverse section of leaf, stem, root and stomata of epidermal cells, cluster crystal, trichomes, mesophyll tissue, laticiferous content, brownish content, fibres, starch grains, tracheids, fibres tracheids, pitted vessels with scalariform perforation along with pitted, spiral and annular thickening are the unique diagnostic characters observed. Fingerprint profile with unique Rf obtained by HPTLC will aid in correct identification of the species. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be helpful in identification and differentiation from related species as whole drug or in powder from.

}, keywords = {Bidhara, Controversial drugs, Monograph, Pharmacognosy, Plant anatomy, Standardization.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.45}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Shakila Ramachandran and Elankani Poovan and Dayanand Reddy Gaddam and Ganesan Rethinam} } @article {1120, title = {Macro-microscopy and HPTLC Atlas of Heartwood of Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. (Indian Bastard Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {176-183}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Background: Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. (Fam. Erythroxylaceae) is a tree growing up to 9 m in dry evergreen to deciduous forests, distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, up to 3000 ft. The wood oil possesses characteristic pleasant odour and a pungent taste, hence adulterated with sandalwood oil in perfumery. Traditionally wood oil is used for webbing eczema; bark and wood used for stomach ailments, as a stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, for dyspepsia and also for continuous fever. E. monogynum is used as adulterant in the herbal drug market for the heartwood of sandal on account of their morphological and organoleptic resemblances. Objectives: A systematic pharmacognostical study of dried stem heartwood of E. monogynum has been executed to identify the microscopical and phytochemical features. Materials and Methods: Morphology, anatomy, powder microscopy and TLC/HPTLC studies were carried out by standard Pharmacopoeial protocols. Results: Surface characters, odour, taste, arrangement of xylem elements in TS, TLS, RLS, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, tyloses, xylem rays, axial parenchyma with brownish content, tracheids, fibre tracheids, prismatic crystal, crystal fibre and oil globules were the unique diagnostic characters observed. HPTLC showed 5, 6 and 11 bands under 254 nm, 366 nm and white light (post derivatisation with vanillin-sulphuric acid) respectively. The denistogram showed 12, 10 and 13 peaks at UV 254 nm, 366 nm and 520 nm after derivatisation. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be helpful in identification of this raw drug as a whole or as a powder.

}, keywords = {Devadaru, Market adulterant, Pharmacognosy, Red cedar, Sandalwood, Wood anatomy}, doi = {10.5530/097484900201}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Madhavaraj Vellaiyan and Shakila Ramachandran and Sekar Thangavel and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {1111, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Development of Quality Control Parameters for Root of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {101-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {101}, abstract = {

Background: In traditional medicine, Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik, which belongs to the Malvaceae family, has been used to treat boils, sores, sprains, inflammations, tuberculosis, and leucoderma. Objectives: The objective of this study was to establish identification and quality control standards. Materials and Methods: For pharmacognostic evaluation, macroscopy, micromorphology and physicochemical constants have been used. Microchemical colour reaction tests and HPTLC studies were performed for qualitative phytochemistry. Results: Externally the root is yellowish-brown to yellowish-white and has a distinct odour, bitter taste, wavy shape, and smooth texture. The periderm was composed of 4-5 thin-walled cells. The secondary phloem has dilated rays and broad pyramid-shaped mucilage-packed rays. The fibres have thin walls and are narrow, and the secondary xylem is a compact circular cylinder with eight to eight radial lines of vessel chains. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, lignified long, narrow, thick-walled fibres with parenchyma cells, lignified cork cells, and cylindrical vessel elements were discovered in powdered samples. Physicochemically, the ash value was found above 8\% which shows more than 75\% solubility in acid whereas water and methanol extractive values were found to be just above and below 8\% respectively. In UV-fluorescence study, very distinctive colour changes of the powdered root have been recorded. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. GC-MS and HPTLC are also used to characterize lipid and phenolic molecules. Conclusion: These findings will help in the future identification and quality control of A. manihot as reference standards.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus manihot, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemistry, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/097484900263}, author = {Deshraj Shyamkant Chumbhale and Mahendra Shivshankar Khyade} } @article {1117, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Balamulachurna- Root Powder of Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa (L.) Borssum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {155-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Ksheerabala tailam is well known Ayurvedic herbal formulation which is used in inflammations, pains and neurological disorders. The primary botanical source for Ksheerabala tailam is Balamulachurna. The literature refers to Balamulachurna as either of the root powders of Sida cordifolia, Sida acuta, Sida cordata or Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa. To accomplish the clinical efficacy of Ksheerabala tailam, standardization of Balamulachurna is necessary. Objectives: The study is aimed to establish pharmacognostic standards of Balamulachurna with respect to Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa root powder. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical standardization was carried out by focusing on organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluation, heavy metal assessments, fluorescence and HPTLC studies. Results: The roots macroscopic features were noticed as; an elongated taproot with few lateral roots, thick, woody, brown-coloured and bitter to taste. Organoleptic characteristics revealed the nature of the root powder as cream in colour with a pleasant odour and slightly bitter taste. The powder microscopic study specified the presence of fibres, fibre{\textendash}sclereids, tracheids, vessel elements and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical studies assessed total ash (7.5\%), water-soluble ash (4.46\%), alkalinity of water-soluble ash (0.4 ml) and acid-insoluble ash (3.3\%). The preliminary phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and quinones. The HPTLC analyses exhibited various Rf values with the diversity of multiple phytoconstituents. Conclusion: The scientific data generated by the study is beneficial for adequately identifying and establishing standards for using Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa as a primary drug for maintaining the quality and purity of the Ksheerabala tailam, an Ayurvedic formulation.

}, keywords = {Balamulachurna, Ksheerabala tailam, Pharmacognosy, Sida rhombifolia subsp. retusa, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/097484900224}, author = {Thota Jyostna Kumari and Goli Penchala Prasad and Goli Penchala Pratap and Mohd Kashif Husain and Padamata Sai Sudhakar} } @article {195, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Corynaea crassa: A Comparative Study of Plants from Ecuador and Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {394-402}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {394}, abstract = {

Background: Corynaea crassa Hook. F (Balanophoraceae), is a hemiparasitic plant that grows on the roots of other species, commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}huanarpo male{\textquotedblright} and traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and aphrodisiac. Objective: The objective of this work was to carry out a comparative pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and pharmacological study between extracts obtained from plants that grow in Peru and Ecuador. Materials and Methods: Macro and micromorphological analysis, physicochemical characteristics, and phytochemical screening were determined according to established standards. Successive extraction was carried out with solvents of increasing polarity, and the composition of the ethyl acetate extract was performed using a gas chromatograph Agilent connected to the mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plants by the carrageenan test. Results: The macro- and micromorphological characteristics did not show differences, the physical-chemical properties presented some differences attributable to the ecological conditions of the places of origin, the phytochemical screening exposed a complex chemical composition. In the ethyl acetate extract obtained, safrole and squalene were identified as major components for the Ecuadorian species and hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids for the Peruvian species. The anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts was demonstrated on the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model in female Wistar albino rats. Conclusion: The extracts showed a similar anti-inflammatory behavior, although less than the indomethacin used as a positive control. This work brings novel results to the pharmacognostic, chemical and pharmacological properties of the species C. crassa.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Ethyl acetate extract, Gas chromatograph agilent connected to mass spectrometer, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_42_20}, author = {AJ Lopez-Barrera and YI Gutierrez-Gaiten and Migdalia Miranda-Martinez and IA Choez-Guaranda and SG Ruiz-Reyes and R Scull-Lizama} } @article {960, title = {An Automated or Semi-automated Identification System using Venation Pattern to Delimit Indian Leaf drugs: A Proposal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {385-387}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

About 7,200 medicinal plants are known to occur in India, of which, the leaves of a few hundred plants have medicinal properties. Identification of leaf drugs using venation is considered as one of the most reliable and convenient methods. Leaf identification by mechanical means may often lead to wrong identification. Due to the growing volume of illegal trade/malpractice in the crude drug industry on the one hand and lack of sufficient experts on the other, a much faster, convenient and reliable method is mandatory for the identification of Indian leaf drugs. Therefore, a new automated or semi-automated identification system based on venation pattern is inevitable for the present day condition to identify and authenticate the leaves of Indian medicinal plants.

}, keywords = {Automated, Botanist, Identification, Indian leaf drugs, Pharmacognosist, Pharmacognosy, Semi-automated, Venation pattern}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75461}, author = {ABD Selvam} } @article {922, title = {Is the Term Substitution Relevant to Pharmacognosy and/ or Vegetable Crude Drug Industry?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {November 2010}, pages = {323-324}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Since each and every drug plant has its own characteristic features, in terms of its botanical characters, chemical composition and therapeutic properties, considering the highly potential drug plants as genuine plant and less potential (allied or non-allied) drug plants as substitutes is unjustifiable. Moreover, the term Substitution is being used for a couple of centuries in a wrong sense in pharmacognostic studies or in the vegetable crude drug industry. Therefore, the term {\textquoteright}Substitution{\textquoteright} has to be replaced by the relevant and appropriate term, {\textquoteright}Alternative{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteright}Alternative source{\textquoteright}.\ 

}, keywords = {Alternative, Alternative source, Crude drug industry, Pharmacognosy, Substitution}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.72333}, author = {A.B.D Selvam} }