@article {1241, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Newbouldia laevis and Stereospermum acuminatissimum on Multi-Resistant Bacteria Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {331-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Aim: Multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a growing concern worldwide. Plants have emerged as a promising avenue due to their bioactive compounds. Newbouldia laevis and Stereospermum acuminatissimum are two plants with a long history of use in traditional medicine. This study aimed at exploring the antimicrobial activity of their extracts against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared by maceration of pulverized leaves or stem barks (250 g) in 2L dichloromethane/methanol (30/70) filtered and the filtrate was dried using a rotary evaporator. The crude extracts were then tested against five pathogenic multi-resistant bacterial strains and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. The combinations of extracts and reference drug ceftriaxone was carried out following the checkerboard technique. Results: The overall results showed that Newbouldia laevis and Stereospermum acuminatissimum crude extracts contain various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, which were found to be associated with strong anti-bacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, exhibiting MICs values ranging from 100 μg/ mL to 400 μg/mL. The combinatorial analysis showed a combination and strains dependent-out, including synergism, additivity, and antagonism. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Newbouldia laevis and Stereospermum acuminatissimum could be used as alternative sources of antimicrobial agents for treating bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Combination, Multi-resistance, Newbouldia laevis, Stereospermum acuminatissimum.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.42}, author = {Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou and Nembu Collins Che Momfor and Francine Kouemo and Fru-Awah Akumawah and Philippe Belle Ebanda Kedi and Ruth Batindi and Ornella Mpot and David Tombe and Lamana Dikehed and Arnold Fomesseng Negoue and Gisele Etame Loe and Jules Clement Assob} } @article {1064, title = {In vitro Screening for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of 3,5-Bis(E-thienylmethylene) piperidin-4-one, a Curcumin Analogue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {276-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Background: Curcumin is a naturally occurring bis-chalcone derivative in the commonly used Indian spice turmeric and is well-known for its potent chemopreventive, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer properties. 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP) is the newly synthesised synthetic analogue of curcumin that is tested for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro. Objectives: This study was to determine the antioxidant activity and antibacterial potentials of newly synthesised analogues of curcumin viz., 3,5-bis[(E)- thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP), was examined in vitro. Materials and Methods: BTMP was evaluated for its antioxidant and antimicrobial using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH{\textbullet}) radical scavenging assay, 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS{\textbullet}+), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay (O2{\textbullet}-), hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing ability assay, metal ion chelating and phosphomolybdenum assays. Results: 40μg/ml of BTMP showed higher antioxidant activity than the other three doses due to its highest free radical scavenging ability at this particular dose. All doses of BTMP showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. 40μg/ml of BTMP showed the highest zone of inhibition against both tested pathogens. Conclusion: The introduction of basic functionality and the presence of exocyclic double bonds of BTMP has significantly contributed to the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curcumin, DPPH, Reducing ability}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.40}, author = {Jayaseelan Nivedha and Kaliyamoorthi Kanimozhi and Subashchandrabose Olikkavi and T. Vidhyasagar and Natesan Vijayakumar and Chinnaiyan Uma and K. Rajeswari and Lakshmanan Vennila} } @article {658, title = {Isolation and Screening of Marine Actinobacteria for their Antimicrobial Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {49-53}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objective:\ The objective of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria isolated from coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh, India.\ Materials and Methods:\ Using sterile techniques, soil samples were collected from Machilipatnam (MCP), Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Biochemical tests were performed to identify isolated actinobacteria. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated organisms was performed by the disk plate technique.\ Results:\ In this study, six mangrove soil samples were collected and performed culture-dependent methods to obtain marine actinobacteria. A total of five actinobacteria were isolated in which two exhibited antibacterial as well as antifungal activity. Among the five, MCP-2 isolate had shown promising antibacterial and antifungal activity.\ Conclusion:\ The findings of this investigation revealed that the coastal marine actinobacteria are an important source of novel antibiotics

}, keywords = {Actinobacterial screening, Antibacterial, antifungal activities, Machilipatnam, mangrove soil, novel isolates}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_31_20}, author = {Yagani Jayavardhana Rao and Golla Narasimha} } @article {187, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Bioactive Potential of Pod Seed Extracts of Leucaena leucocephala Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {361-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals generated during injury lead to the development of various diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. Antioxidants present in plants can prevent the deleterious effect of these free radicals. Among various plants, Leucaena leucocephala is a mimosoid, fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing small tree having pods with various medicinal properties. Objective: Hence, the present study was designed to determine the bioactive potential of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of L. leucocephala pod seeds. Materials and Methods: We have assessed the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extract. In addition, the presence of various metabolites and other compounds was also evaluated though gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The results indicated that the methanol extract had relatively higher antibacterial and antioxidant properties than ethanol extract. Furthermore, GC-MS data revealed the presence of various active constituents in the methanolic extract. Conclusion: Thus, the bioactive potential of various compounds present in methanol extracts of plant parts could be responsible for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_49_20}, author = {Om Prakash and Salma Malik and Kumari Vandana Rani and Vipin Kumar Verma} } @article {203, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial-Guided Fractionation, and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Pattern of the Extract Obtained from Diploknema butyracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {437-443}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {437}, abstract = {

Objective: Diploknema butyracea (family: Sapotaceae), commonly known as the Indian butter tree or Chyuri, is habitat to Nepal and distributed from Garhwal to Sikkim up to Bhutan. This study was aimed to investigate and examine the qualitative phytochemical screening, antibacterial-guided fractionation, and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) pattern of the D. butyracea bark extracts. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening of D. butyracea extract was carried out by different chemical tests. Normal-phase TLC was conducted by using different solvent system to investigate the presence of phytochemicals. Antibacterial activity on different fractions of methanolic bark extract was determined by the agar disc diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid in barks; alkaloid and flavonoid in flowers; and alkaloid, tannin, and steroid in leaves. Among the different fractions of bark extracts, the acetone fraction was found to be most effective against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the highest sensitivity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli was shown by n-butanol fraction. Both fractions showed a zone of inhibition of 15 mm at the concentration of 1 mg extract per disc. TLC of the bark extract confirmed the presence of prominently visible compounds at ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusion: Isolated compounds from dried barks of D. butyracea could be the cradle of the new useful drug.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Diploknema butyracea, Phytochemicals, Thin-layer chromatography}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_27_20}, author = {Supriya Tiwari and Samjhana Nepal and Shraddha Sigdel and Sarju Bhattarai and Rabindra Kumar Rokaya and Jitendra Pandey and Ram Bahadur Khadka and Pramod Aryal and Ravin Bhandari} } @article {553, title = {Pharmacognostic Assesment of the Endemic and Vulnerable Medicinal Climber-Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. var. glabra Gamble and Its Antibacterial Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s27-s33}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s27}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate a meticulous pharmacognostic cram is to supplement constructive information with regard to its identification, characterization, and standardization of endemic and endangered medicinal climber Cayratia pedata var. glabra and also screening the antibacterial activity of this climber. Materials and Methods: The morphological characters of study plant, microscopic examination of leaf powder, anatomy of young stem, physicochemical analysis of plant powder, extractive values, phytochemical analysis, powder with different chemical reagents, fluorescence analysis of plant powder, and other World Health Organization (WHO) recommended for standardization were analyzed. The antibacterial activity of this study plant is also analyzed. Results: C. pedata var. glabra belongs to the family Vitaceae, commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Kattuppirandai{\textquotedblright} is one such endemic and endangered species in Thaisholai, Nilgiris South Division, Western Ghats. With the patronage of veteran ethnic group traditional knowledge of this region, the species C. pedata var. glabra was selected for the pharmacognostical examination and antibacterial screening. There were no pharmacognostical reports of this plant, specifically to determine the anatomical and other physicochemical standards required for its quality control. The current study deals with pharmacognostical parameters for the aerial parts of study plant, which mainly consists of macromorphological and microanatomical characters, physicochemical constants (ash values and extractive values), fluorescence analysis, and phytochemical screening, one of the WHO accepted parameter for the identification of medicinal plants. The pharmacognostical exploration was undertaken for this species with the purpose of sketch the pharmacopeial standards. The antibacterial activity of this plant confirms the therapeutic power. Conclusion: The information obtained from pharmacognostical studies will be of used for supplementary pharmacological and therapeutical evaluation of the species and will assist in standardization for quality, purity, and authentication with the help, of which adulteration and substitution can be prevented. The antibacterial activity of this plant confirm the traditional knowledge of local healers on the wound healing property of this species and also suggest this plant species can be used as a promising source for the development of new pharmaceuticals that address the therapeutic needs to cure infectious diseases.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cayratia pedata var. glabra, Macromorphology, Pharmacognostic, Pharmacological}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_25_17}, author = {S. Sharmila and K. Kalaichelvi and S. M. Dhivya and P. Premamalini and P. Abirami and G. Jayanthi} } @article {491, title = {Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {142-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

Background: Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl- 1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. Results: The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. Key words:

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Jatropha multifida, wound}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172657}, author = {Kokou Anani and Yao Adjrah and Yaovi Am{\'e}yapoh and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Amegnona Agbonon and Comlan de Souza and Messanvi Gbeassor} } @article {681, title = {Antibacterial Activity and the Histopathological Study of Crude Extracts and Isolated Tecomine from Tecoma Stans Bignoniaceae in Iraq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {december,2011}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Background: Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is a central and south American tree used for the control of diabetes, also known as Yellow Elder, it was collected from the gardens of Al-Jadria in Iraq. Materials and Methods: One of the main reported alkaloidal constituents, tecomine, was isolated and confirmed by spectral analysis. The bacteriological assay for different plant leaves extracts; aqueous, ethanolic, and isolated tecomine were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Results: Whole alcoholic and aqueous extract exhibited the antibacterial activity and isolated tecomine. Histopathological evaluation was demonstrated on the liver, spleen, and pancreas of the BALB/c mice given the whole alcoholic and aqueous extract that showed no significant changes in the organ texture. Conclusion: Biochemical analysis of the serum obtained showed decrease in the glucose level in the mice treated with plant extract at the most two higher concentrations used with no change in the cholesterol and triglyceride level.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Histopathological, Tecoma stans, Tecomine}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.91033}, author = {Amad M Al-Azzawi and Ekbal Al-Khateeb and Kulood Al-Sameraei and Alyaa G Al-Juboori} } @article {652, title = {Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaf Essential Oil and its Constituents Furanodienone and Curzerenone from Lindera pulcherrima (Nees.) Benth. ex hook. f.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {80-84}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Lindera pulcherrima (Nees.) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Family: Lauraceae), an evergreen shrub, is an important medicinal plant distributed in temperate Himalayan regions. The leaves and bark are used as spice in cold, fever, and cough. Materials and Methods: In this study, the terpenoid composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the leaf essential oil and its major constituents are being analyzed. Conclusion: The in vitro antioxidant activity showed a potent free radical scavenging activity for the essential oil as evidenced by a low IC 50 value for DPPH radical followed by furanodienone (0.087 {\textpm} 0.03 and 1.164 {\textpm} 0.58 mg/ml respectively) and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation for the oil and furanodienone also followed the same order (IC 50 0.74 {\textpm} 0.13 and 2.12 {\textpm} 0.49 mg/ml, respectively). The oil and the constituents were also tested against three Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica enterica, and (Pasturella multocida) and one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The essential oil was effective against S. aureus (IZ = 19.0 {\textpm} 0.34; MIC 3.90 μl/ml) while furanodienone showed potent activity against E. coli and S. enterica enterica (IZ = 18.0 {\textpm} 0.14 and 16.0 {\textpm} 0.10 respectively). On the other hand, curzerenone was found to be slightly effective against E. coli (IZ = 10.8 {\textpm} 0.52). The MIC value of the essential oil was least against S. aureus (MIC = 3.90 μl/ml) and that of furanodienone against E. coli (MIC = 3.90 μl/m

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curzerenone, Furanodienone, Lauraceae, Lindera.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.94721}, author = {Subhash C Joshi and Chandra S Mathela} } @article {643, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Sesuvium Portulacastrum in the United Arab Emirates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {October ,2012}, pages = {219-224}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {219}, abstract = {

Background: The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum. Materials and Methods: Three extracts of S. portulacastrum obtained by extraction in aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane solvents, respectively, were compared for their antimicrobial activity and ethanolic extract further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to find out the nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activities were assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Results: Compared to the aqueous and dichloromethane extract, the ethanolic extract showed better antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, indicating its potential application related to noscomial infections. GC-MS results revealed 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-(Gallic acid), (2R,3R)-(-)-Epicatechin and Capsaicin in the ethanolic extract to be the molecules responsible for the antimicrobial activity of S. portulacastrum. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on analysis of antimicrobial components from S. portulacastrum in United Arab Emirates (UAE), and our results confer the utility of this plant extract in developing a novel broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Phytochemical, Sesuvium portulacastrum}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.102269}, author = {Amad Al-Azzawi and Alyaa Alguboori and Mahmoud Y Hachim and M Najat and A Al Shaimaa and Maryam Sad} } @article {836, title = {Antifungal, Antibacterial and Antimycobacterial Activity of Entada abysinnica Steudel ex A. Rich (Fabaceae) Methanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {163-168}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antifungal, antibacterial and antimycobacterial properties of methanol extract of Entada abysinnica steudel ex. A. Rich (Fabaceae) leaves used by herbalists from the Lake Victoria region, Kenya. The extract was tested against four strains of mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium smegmatis) using BACTEC Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 system and the proportional method. Standard procedures were used to determine the zones of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs/MFCs) for Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extract showed activity against some mycobacteria strains, especially M. tuberculosis. It also showed strong antimicrobial activity (zones of inhibition were between 9.00 and 14.10 mm) against C. albicans, Sa. typhi, and St. aureus. The extract gave a better zone of inhibition against C. albicans than fluconazole whose zone of inhibition was 13.00 mm. The MICs and MBCs for C. albicans and Sa. typhi were good. The crude extracts were also analyzed for the presence of phytochemicals. Phytochemical screening indicated that the extract most abundantly contained tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The data suggest that the methanolic leaves extract of E. abysinnica could be a rich source of antimicrobial agents, especially antifungals. The results further show that there is some merit in the use of the plant in alternative medical practices. However, bioassays of isolated compounds are underway and will be reported during subsequent communications

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimycobacterial, Entada abysinnica, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65511}, author = {Richard M Mariita and John A Orodho and Paul O Okemo and Paul K Mbugua} } @article {875, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Ethnobotanically Important Stem bark of Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {September 2010}, pages = {254-257}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Background: The stem barks are the rich sources of tannins and other phenolic compounds. Tannins inhibited the growth of various fungi, yeast, bacteria and virus. Hence, ten stem barks of ethnomedicinally important plants were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogenic strains. Methods: Air-dried and powdered stem bark of each plant was extracted with 50\% aqueous ethanol, lyophilized and the dried crude extracts were used for the screening against 11 bacteria and 8 fungi. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed according to microdilution methods by NCCLS. Results: The plants Prosopis chilensis, Pithecellobium dulce, Mangifera indica showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against Streptococcus pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans with MIC of 0.08mg/ml. Pithecellobium dulce bark also showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: The bark of Pithecellobium dulce has more or less similar activity against the known antibiotic and may be considered as potent antimicrobial agent for various infectious diseases.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Bark, Ethnobotany, MIC}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.69127}, author = {Meenakshi Singh and Sayyada Khatoon and Shweta Singh and Vivek Kumar and Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat and Shanta Mehrotra} } @article {733, title = {Bioactivity of Syzygium Jambos Methanolic Extracts: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {March 2010}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Methanol extracts from S. jambos leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. S. jambos leaf extract inhibited the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (29\%). Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growths were inhibited by S. jambos leaf extract, although gram-positive bacteria appeared more susceptible. Two of the 10 gram-negative bacteria (20\%) and 2 of the 4 gram-positive bacteria (50\%) tested had their growths inhibited by the extract. The leaf extract also proved to be toxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with a 48-h LC 50 of 387.9 {\textpm} 38.8 {\textmu}g/mL, making it slightly more toxic than Mevinphos (505.3{\textpm} 37.7 {\textmu}g/mL) and approximately 5-fold less toxic than potassium dichromate (80.4 {\textpm} 4.3 {\textmu}g/mL). Whilst potassium dichromate{\textquoteright}s LC 50 remained constant across the 72-hour test period (24-h LC 50 , 86.3 {\textpm} 5.1; 72-h LC 50 , 77.9 {\textpm} 4.9), the extract and Mevinphos LC 50 values decreased by 72 hours (87.0 {\textpm} 11.3 {\textmu}g/mL and 103.9 {\textpm} 12.8 {\textmu}g/mL, respectively), indicating their similar levels of toxicity in the assay.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Medicinal plants, Methanolic extracts, Phytotoxicity, Rose apple, Syzygium jambos}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.60577}, author = {S Mohanty and IE Cock} } @article {863, title = {Antimicrobial and Resistance Modulatory Activities of Corynanthe pachyceras}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {280-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

s part of the project to identify plant natural products which modulate bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) the methanol extract of Corynanthe pachyceras (Rubiaceae) K. Schum., were tested for in vitro antibacterial and resistance modifying activities against different bacterial strains including resistant staphylococcus SA1199B, RN4220 and XU212 possessing the Tet(K), Msr(A), and Nor(A) multidrug resistance efflux mechanisms respectively. Using the Micro-well dilution method the MIC of the stem bark extract ranged between 128-512μg/ml against the selected bacteria used. At 10μg/ml, none of the different extracts displayed any antibacterial action but in combination with tetracycline, erythromycin and norfloxacin, the stem bark extract displayed a 2-fold, 4-fold and 8-fold potentiation of activities of these antibiotics against XU212, SA1199B and RN4220 possessing the Tet(K) [tetracycline resistant], Nor(A) [norfloxacin resistant] and Msr(A) [macrolide resistant] transporters respectively.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Corynanthe pachyceras, Resistance modulators, Staphyloccocus aureus}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Adu Francis and Gbedema Stephen Yao and Annan Kofi} } @article {941, title = {Biological activity of two red algae, Gracilaria salicornia and Hypnea flagelliformis from Persian Gulf.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {428-430}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {428}, abstract = {

Among marine organisms, algae are a large and diverse group of organisms from which a wide range of secondary metabolites have been isolated. A number of these compounds possess biological activity. In this study, we aim to evaluate the cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two red algae, Gracilaria salicornia and Hypnea flagelliformis, collected from Persian Gulf. Ethyl acetate extracts of both algae showed a potent cytotoxic effect against Artemia salina nauplii (LC50 = 3 and 4 μg.ml-1, respectively). Aqueous methanol (50\%) extracts were also effective. None of the methanol and aqueous methanol extracts of the algae showed antifungal and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by the Broth-dilution method. Only the ethyl acetate extracts exhibited antibacterial activity (MIC = 2 μg.ml-1) on S. aureus. In conclusion, G. salicornia and H. flagelliformis could be a promising source of cytotoxic components.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Cytotoxic, Gracilaria salicornia, Hypnea flagelliformis}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Saeidnia S and Gohari A. R and Shahverdi A. R and Permeh P and Nasiri M and Mollazadeh K. and Farahani F.} }