@article {169, title = {Effect of Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Hepatic Injury on Luffa acutangula (var.) Amara}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Objectives: To study the reversal effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury on the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Luffa acutangula var. amara in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The study included experimental mice groups in which pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and its prolongation by CCl4 is assessed by righting reflex and recovery time. Chronic liver injury was induced by oral administration of CCl4 and acute injury by a single intraperitoneal injection in experimental Wistar rats. Blood and liver specimens were used for analysis of enzymatic reactions. Results: It was noted that the mice groups treated with extracts decrease the sleeping time in and standard silymarin than the control group. Acute and chronic liver injury models showed increases in total protein and glutathione peroxidase, whereas there was a reduction in total bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphate level in extracts and standard silymarin-treated rats than control. Histopathological studies showed a significant reduction in inflammation, fatty change and gross necrosis in extracts and standard silymarin-treated animals than control. Conclusion: The study suggests that extracts of L. acutangula var. amara can be useful in treating acute and chronic hepatic injury.

}, keywords = {Aspartate aminotransferase, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Luffa acutangula, Silymarin, Wistar rats}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_113_19}, author = {E Prabhu Daniel and AR Vijayakumar and W Clement Atlee and R Ilavarasan and M Sivakumar} } @article {267, title = {Effect of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seed Oil on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute and Chronic Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {124-129}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is one of the most widely used Hepatotoxin that is known to induce oxidative stress and causes hepatic damage by the formation of reactive free radicals in laboratory animals. Objective: This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective role of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) on histological structure, some biochemical parameters and lipid peroxidation on CCl4-induced acute and chronic liver injury induced rats. Materials and Methods: The study material comprised 80 male Wistar albino rats. They were divided into two study groups including 40 rats for acute and 40 rats for chronic hepatotoxicity induction by CCl4. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate degree of steatosis, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis semiquantitatively. Blood serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities and glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total protein, albumin and liver malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels were measured. Results: All control and only PSO given animals liver showed normal histological architecture, but in the acute CCl4-treated animals, an intensive macro and microvesicular steatosis, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrations in portal area and parenchyma, and necrotic alterations; in the chronic CCl4-treated group, additionally to acute findings mild-to-severe fibrosis with lobulation formation were observed. Conclusion: The results suggest that administration of PSO has partially ameliorative effects on biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters in acute period, but it has no effect on the recovery of liver tissue damage or histopathological changes and biochemical parameters induced by CCl4 in chronic period.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology, Pomegranate seed oil, Rat}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_122_17}, author = {Duygu Yaman Gram and Ayhan Atasever and Meryem Eren} } @article {276, title = {Therapeutic Implications of Ajwa Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Inhibition of Liver Tissue Alterations through the Modulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Phosphatase, and Tensin Homolog Gene}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {151-155}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {151}, abstract = {

Background: Dates are a plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae and is used as staple food in the Middle East for thousands of years. Aim: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the protective role of ajwa dates extract (ADE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on mice mode through different groups as control group without treatment of CCl4, ADE and CCl4-treated group, and CCl4-treated group only. Results: This finding demonstrated that histological alterations including degeneration, congestion and infiltration of lymphocytes were seen in the liver tissue in CCl4-treated groups. However, ADE-treated groups showed protection to attenuate CCl4-induced liver toxicity through maintenance of architecture of hepatocytes as evident of congestion, necrosis, and degeneration was not noticed. Moreover, a few number of infiltrations of lymphocytes were noticed in ADE-treated groups. However, expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein was evaluated in all groups, and it was observed that PTEN was highly expressed in control group and ADE-treated group. Whereas, PTEN expression was also observed in CCl4-treated group, but out of eight cases, one case showed less expression of PTEN protein. The difference in expression pattern of PTEN protein in CCl4-treated group and ajwa-treated group was statically insignificant (P \> 0.05). VEGF was not expressed in control and ajwa-treated group. While expression of VEGF protein was observed in CCl4-treated group, and it was noticed that two out of eight cases showed expression of VEGF protein. Conclusion: The findings supported the idea that ADE might reduce liver tissue alterations or maintenance of architecture of hepatocytes. Ajwa dates-treated group showed decreased in the VEGF expression and such angiogenesis process involve in migration and differentiation of endothelial cells as well as prevent the loss of PTEN protein expression.

}, keywords = {Ajwa dates, Apoptosis, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective activity, Phosphatase and tensin homolog, Vascular endothelial growth}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_119_17}, author = {Arshad H. Rahmani and Amjad A. Khan and Ali Y. Babiker and Masood A. Khan and Mohammad A. Alzohairy} } @article {552, title = {Astaxanthin Ameliorates Hepatic Damage and Oxidative Stress in Carbon Tetrachloride-administered Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s84-s91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s84}, abstract = {

Background: Astaxanthin is of carotenoids group which possess strong antioxidant properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of astaxanthin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats. Materials and Methods: Female Long-Evans rats were administered with CCl4 orally (1 ml/kg) twice a week for 2 weeks and were treated with astaxanthin (10 mg/kg) every day for 2 weeks. Blood plasma samples were isolated from each group and were analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase activities. Oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) were measured. Several enzyme functions such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the plasma and liver tissues were also analyzed. Moreover, inflammation and tissue fibrosis were also confirmed by histological staining of liver tissues. Results: This investigation revealed that CCl4 administration in rats increased plasma AST, ALT, and ALP activities which were normalized by astaxanthin treatment. Moreover, CCl4 administration increased as MDA, NO, and APOP level both in plasma and tissues compared to control rats. Astaxanthin also exhibited a significant reduction of those parameters in CCl4-administered rats. Astaxanthin treatment also restored the CAT and SOD activities and lowered MPO activity in CCl4-administered rats. Histological assessment also revealed that the astaxanthin prevented the inflammatory cells infiltration, decreased free iron deposition, and fibrosis in liver of CCl4-administered rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that astaxanthin protects liver damage induced by CCl4 by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and stimulating the cellular antioxidant system.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Fibrosis, Inflammation, Lipid peroxidation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_26_17}, author = {Md. Ariful Islam and Md. Abdullah Al Mamun and Md. Faruk and Md. Tauhid Ul Islam and Md. Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Nazmul Alam and A. F. M. Towheedur Rahman and Hasan Mahmud Reza and Md. Ashraful Alam} } @article {560, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of AHPL/AYTAB/0613 Tablet in Carbon Tetrachloride-, Ethanol-, and Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity Models in Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s41-s47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s41}, abstract = {

Background: Hepatotoxicity ultimately leads to liver failure. Conventional treatment options for hepatotoxicity are limited and not safe. Objective: Formulation AHPL/AYTAB/0613 is developed to provide safer and effective hepatoprotective drug of natural origin. A study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of AHPL/AYTAB/0613 (three dosages) in comparison with marketed formulations in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), ethanol, and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Three separate studies were conducted in models of CCl4, ethanol, and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Seven groups of animals were studied comparatively to evaluate the efficacy of AHPL/AYTAB/0613 in low, medium, and high dosage in comparison with silymarin and a marketed polyherbal formulation. The drugs were orally administered to rats for 10 days in CCl4 model and for 14 days in ethanol and paracetamol models. Animals were weighed periodically. After the study period, blood was tested for serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and total protein levels. Liver tissue of sacrificed animals was examined histopathologically. Results: All the test formulations including all three dosages of AHPL/AYTAB/0613, significantly reduced levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, in CCl4, ethanol, and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity models. There was significant increase in total protein level in all the tested formulations. All the test formulations effectively preserved the structural integrity of the hepatocellular membrane and liver cell architecture damaged by CCl4, ethanol, and paracetamol. When compared between groups, no statistically significant difference was observed. It can be concluded that AHPL/AYTAB/0613 possesses hepatoprotective activity in CCl4, ethanol, and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Conclusion: AHPL/AYTAB/0613 can be effectively used as a hepatoprotective agent in the management of hepatitis caused due to various toxins.

}, keywords = {AHPL/AYTAB/0613, Carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, Hepatoprotective, Paracetamol, Polyherbal}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_44_17}, author = {Sanjay U. Nipanikar and Sohan S. Chitlange and Dheeraj Nagore} } @article {361, title = {Protective Effect of Sorrel Extract on Adult Rats Treated by Carbon Tetrachloride}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {200-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {200}, abstract = {

Context: Heart, kidneys, and liver are the vital organs present in vertebrates and some other animals. They have a wide range of functions, such as maintaining homeostasis, detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemical, that are necessary for digestion and maintaining circulation. These organs are necessary for the survival, and currently, there are no means to compensate for the absence of their functionalities in a long term. The damage of liver can affect other vital organs, including kidneys and heart. Aims: This study aimed at investigating the effect of sorrel extract in the treatment of some of the diseases of liver, kidneys, and heart using experimental animals. Settings and Design: This study is a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Forty mature male albino rats, weighing 150{\textendash}160 g, were used and divided into four equal groups. One group was kept as negative control (C -ve) group whereas the other three groups were injected subcutaneously (s/c) with carbon tetrachloride in 50\% V/V paraffin oil (2 ml/kg b.wt.). Tissue specimens were obtained from all the groups and fixed in 10\% formalin for histopathological examination. Statistical Analysis Used: The obtained data were statistically analyzed using computerized Superior Performing Statistical Software (SPSS) at SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. Effects of different treatments were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test using Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range test, and P \< 0.05 was also used to indicate the significance level between different groups (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). Results: The resulting data showed that the sorrel extract demonstrated a significant enhancement in liver intoxication and all other tested parameters. In addition, it also helped in minimizing the structural tissue damages in the vital organs. Conclusions: According to these results, sorrel can impair the liver function and maintain the functions of the vital organs.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Heart, Histopathological changes, Kidneys, Liver, Sorrel}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204653}, author = {Abdullah Glil Alkushi} } @article {834, title = {Ameliorative Effect of Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {320-325}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {320}, abstract = {

Background: Antioxidants from natural sources have a major role in reversing the effects of oxidative stress and promoting health, growth and productivity in animals. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the possible antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced oxidative stress and liver damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were pretreated with Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool for 10 days and were challenged with CCl 4 (1:1 v/v) in olive oil on the 10 th day. After 24 h of CCl 4 administration blood was collected and markers of hepatocellular damage aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated. Rats were sacrificed and oxidative stress in liver was estimated using malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Results: CCl 4 caused a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, hepatic MDA and GSH levels, whereas the SOD and catalase activities were decreased. Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool pretreatment attenuated the MDA, AST ALT levels and increased the activities of SOD and catalase. Conclusion: Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool demonstrated antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects and plausibly be used in the amelioration of oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Oxidative stress, Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138284}, author = {Joshua Allan Joseph and Usha Parackal Thachappully Ayyappan and Suja Rani Sasidharan and Sridhar Mutyala and Krishnagouda Shankargouda Goudar and Amit Agarwal} } @article {683, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Poly Herbal Formulation Against Various Hepatotoxic Agents in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {december,2011}, pages = {50-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Background: Individually Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), Phyllanthus niruri Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) and Phyllanthus emblica Linn. single plant extracts have been reported to have hepatoprotective activity. However, literature survey shows that no sufficient scientific data has been publish on pharmacological evaluation of these plants in combined form. Materials\ and Methods: Hepatoprotective activity of the polyherbal hepatoprotaective formulation (PHF)-containing spray-dried aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae), Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) and Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), was screened against paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), and ethanol-induced hepatic damage in rats. PHF was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, direct bilirubin (DB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The histological studies were also studied support the biochemical parameters. Silymarin was used as standard drug. Results: Administration of PHF (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited paracetamol, CCl 4 and ethanol-induced elevation levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, DB and LDH. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture as compared to toxicant group. Conclusion: Results suggests that the hepatoprotective effects of PHF might be useful for liver protection due to combined action of all plant extracts along with their phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective activity, Marker enzymes, Paracetamol, Phyllanthus niruri Linn}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.91040}, author = {Anil U Tatiya and Sanjay J Surana and Manisha P Sutar and Nehal H Gamit} } @article {583, title = {Liver Protective Activity of a Hydroethanolic Extract of Arrabidaea chica (Humb. and Bonpl.) B. Verl. (pariri)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {June 2011}, pages = {79-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine uses preparations of Arrabidaea chica (pariri) leaves to treat various liver pathologies. We evaluated the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of these leaves (CHEE) on an in vivo model of liver intoxication. Materials and Methods: Different groups of rats were treated orally for 7 days with CHEE at doses of 300, 500 or 600 mg/kg or silymarin at 35 mg/kg. The control group received only 0.5 ml of distilled water. After 7 days of treatment, both the groups received CCl 4 , and activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and bilirubin level were assessed. The ability of CHEE to suppress hepatic injury triggered by CCl 4 was evaluated based on suppression (\%) of activities of GOT, GPT and bilirubin levels. Results: The chromatograms of the CHEE obtained at 330 and 400 nm show features of two main classes of secondary metabolites: quinones and flavonoids. The administration of 300, 500 or 600 mg/kg of CHEE resulted in the reduction of GPT levels by 85.34\%, 88.59\% and 93.72\%, respectively. The suppression of GOT levels was 56.86\%, 65.27\% and 68.95\%, respectively, and that of plasma bilirubin was 83.81\%, 83.12\% and 84.14\%, respectively. These results demonstrate the protective character of CHEE and its ability to maintain the functional integrity of hepatic cells. Conclusions: The results obtained are possibly due to the presence of quinones and flavonoids in A. chica CHEE, both detected using high performance liquid chromatography

}, keywords = {Arrabidaea chica, Carbon tetrachloride, Flavonoids, Hepatic protection, Quinones}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.81954}, author = {Benedito Junior Lima de Medeiros and Kel{\'e}m dos Santos Costa and Jeane Francisca Alves Ribeiro and Jos{\'e} Otavio Carrera Silva Jr and Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa and Jos{\'e} Carlos Tavares Carvalho} }