@article {1517, title = {The Antioxidant Potential of Leaf, Bark, and Flower Extracts of Vateria indica L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1362-1366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1362}, abstract = {

Background: Vateria indica L. is an extremely endangered tree belonging to Family Dipterocarpaceae. In almost all Unani, Ayurveda, and Siddha medicines, the resin obtained from this tree is used to treat various diseases. Objectives: The present study evaluates Vateria indica L{\textquoteright}s antioxidant potential and quantification of total phenol and flavonoid content in dry and fresh bark, leaf, and flower extracts. Materials and Methods: The analysis of phenol quantification has been determined utilizing Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, and gallic acid utilized as the standard, and flavonoid quantification has been computed by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. DPPH radical scavenging assay is employed to analyze antioxidant activity. Results: Fresh bark extracts presented maximum phenol content (417.4mg GAE/g), whereas the fresh flower extract showed the least phenol (78.675 mg GAE/g). Highest flavonoid content has been found in fresh bark, afterward, dry bark, fresh leaf, dry leaf, dry flower, and fresh flower. Antioxidant activity is exhibited by all the extracts studied. Flower and leaf extracts showed comparable antioxidant activity. Maximum antioxidant activity has been exhibited by fresh bark extract, having (IC50 value of 28.995 μg per mL. Conclusion: Results of current study recommend that bark, leaves, flower extracts, both fresh and dry, of Vateria indica L. contain phenols and flavonoids and exhibit good antioxidant properties, which could be exploited further as a potent source of natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Total flavonoid, Total phenol, Vateria indica L.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20250027}, author = {Manju Madhavan and Gayathri Haridas and Anu C Benny and Dalie Dominic A} } @article {1396, title = {Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Secamone emetica: Characterization and Assessment of Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Cancer Activities against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {597-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Background: Green-synthesized nanoparticles offer eco-friendly advantages over physical and chemical methods, utilizing plant extracts as natural capping, reducing and stabilizing agents. While Secamone emetica is renowned for its traditional medicinal applications, its potential in green nanoparticle synthesis remains unexplored, offering a promising avenue for research. Objectives: This study aimed to synthesize silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf and stem extracts of Secamone emetica and evaluate their antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extracts of S. emetica Leaf (SL) and Stem (SS) were used for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The bio-reduction of silver ions by these extracts was validated through UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH+ and ABTS˙+ radical scavenging assays. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were assessed at 100 μg/mL concentration. Results: SL-AgNPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to SS-AgNPs in both DPPH+ and ABTS˙+ assays. In anti-diabetic assays, SL-AgNPs demonstrated 70.1\% α-amylase inhibition and 68.4\% α-glucosidase inhibition, outperforming SS-AgNPs, which showed 59.3\% and 57.6\% inhibition, respectively. In the anti-cancer assay, SL-AgNPs exhibited a cytotoxicity of 62.5\% against MCF-7 cells, whereas SS-AgNPs showed 50.8\% inhibition. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized SL-AgNPs and SS-AgNPs as effective antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-diabetic, Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, Secamone emetica, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252064}, author = {S. Shalini and N. Sudeepthi and DH. Geetha and R. Jayashre} } @article {1375, title = {Preliminary Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Taraxacum officinale Leaf Extract: An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {277-282}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Background: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is known for its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Oral inflammatory lesions, such as oral lichen planus and aphthous stomatitis, are associated with microbial imbalance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study evaluates the potential of T. officinale leaf extract as a natural alternative for treating these lesions. Objectives: To assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of T. officinale leaf extract, and to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for oral inflammatory lesions. Materials and Methods: Ethanol was used to extract bioactive compounds from dried T. officinale leaves. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using agar diffusion. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring protein denaturation inhibition. Cytotoxicity was tested using zebrafish embryos, with survival rates and developmental changes monitored. Results: The leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, inhibiting both S. aureus and E. coli, especially at higher concentrations. Antioxidant activity was notable, with near-complete free radical scavenging at higher doses. Anti-inflammatory effects were concentration-dependent, with maximum inhibition of protein denaturation at 100 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity studies revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with reduced survival in zebrafish embryos at 40 μL/mL and higher concentrations. Conclusion: T. officinale leaf extract demonstrates strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its potential as a treatment for oral inflammatory lesions. However, its dose-dependent toxicity highlights the need for further research to determine safe and effective therapeutic doses.

}, keywords = {anti-inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, Dandelion, Natural therapeutics, Oral inflammatory lesions, Taraxacum officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252021}, author = {Namira Fateen and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Pratibha Ramani} } @article {1373, title = {Sustainable Fabrication of Phycocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles: A Response Surface Optimization Impact}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {255-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Background: Phycocyanin (Pc), a phycobiliprotein pigment, has therapeutic potential for treating inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, liver protection and cancer. Despite its therapeutic potential, its effectiveness is constrained by low bioavailability and low stability. Objectives: This study aimed to design and develop Phytocyanin-Loaded Nanoparticles (PcNPs) to enhance PC{\textquoteright}s stability and efficacy. Materials and Methods: PCNPs were prepared using a green ionotropic gelation method and optimized via a 32 full factorial designs. The prepared trial batches of the nanoparticles were characterized particle size, polydispersity index, drug entrapment efficiency and drug content. The optimized PcNPs were evaluated by compatibility studies by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential, Infrared Spectrometry (IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray crystallography studies (X-RD), in vitro drug release study, in vitro antioxidant activity and stability studies. Results: PcNPs exhibited an amorphous character, as evidenced by the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. FTIR showed no interaction between Pc and polymer employed. The dissolution studies revealed enhance Pc release from PcNPs compared to the plain Pc following zero-order kinetics and Fickian diffusion. An in vitro antioxidant activity study revealed that PcNPs were superior to plain Pc and comparable to the standard drug ascorbic acid. Stability studies revealed that they remained sufficiently stable for period of 30 days at 4{\textordmasculine}C and -20{\textordmasculine}C, with no physical or chemical alterations in the formulation. Conclusion: The developed PcNPs showed an improved dissolution profile and promising antioxidant activity, making them a potential tool with enhanced stability and efficacy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Ionotropic gelation method, Nanoparticles, Phycocyanin, Stability study}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252000}, author = {Supriya G Jagtap and Sachin A Vanve and Kishore N Gujar and Rajesh Khathuriya} } @article {1270, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Gelatins from Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {588-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Background: In Japan, the rapid increase in the number of sika deer (Cervus nippon) has become a social issue and measures for the resource utilization of extensively captured sika deer have not kept pace. In contrast, various body parts of deer have been used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Objectives: In the present study, the in vitro antioxidant activity of gelatins from sika deer was evaluated in order to increase their usefulness as health promoting resources. Materials and Methods: Three kinds of deer gelatins were prepared through hot water extraction of antlers, skins, or bones obtained from sika deer. The antioxidant activity was evaluated along with commercially available gelatins and collagen peptides from donkey, bovine, pig and fish using three kinds of in vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) assay, Superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOD) assay and Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) assay. Results: All kinds of gelatins from deer exhibited more than 50\% inhibition of DPPH free radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities, as well as H-ORAC values exceeding 8,000 μmol TE/L. The gelatins from deer were further separated into high molecular-weight and low molecular-weight fractions by ethanol precipitation method and the low molecular-weight fractions showed stronger antioxidant activity than corresponding high molecular-weight fractions in all measurements. Conclusion: The result of present study provided rudimentary evidence for the antioxidant activity of gelatins from sika deer, which need further research for the use as health promoting resources.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Collagen peptide, Gelatin, Sika deer}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.70}, author = {Kouharu Otsuki and Shizuka Uchino and Dongxia Li and Takashi Kikuchi and Ken Tei and Wei Li} } @article {1300, title = {Exploring the Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of Four Medicinal Plants from Veracruz, Mexico for Urinary and Prostate Health}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {817-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

Background: C. scaber, P. aequale, S. oleraceus and S. racemosa play a vital role in traditional medicine in Veracruz, Mexico, known for their effectiveness in treating a wide range of health issues. Particularly noteworthy is their significant use in traditional medicine in Mexico for addressing urinary and prostate-related ailments. Objectives: The current study assesses the antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of these species on the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Materials and Methods: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the selected plants{\textquoteright} parts were prepared and their chemical profiles were evaluated using 1H-RMN. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antiproliferative activity on PC-3 and HPrEC cells was evaluated by the MTT method. Results: S. racemosa showed the highest antioxidant activity (84.90\% radical scavenging activity), attributed to the presence of flavonoids. However, the methanol extract of P. aequale had a better effect on the proliferation of PC-3 cells with an IC50 of 251.6 {\textmu}g/mL, additionally, it showed cytotoxicity at high concentrations (above 500 {\textmu}g/mL). The antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect observed is not associated with antioxidant activity or the presence of alkaloids. However, cytotoxicity also occurred in control cells (HPrEC) with an IC50 of 23.98 {\textmu}g/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of P. aequale showed the highest antiproliferative activity against PC-3 cell line, an effect not related to its antioxidant activity and attributed to the presence of aliphatic, aromatics and aldehydes compounds identified by 1H-NMR in the extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Antiproliferative activity, Costus scaber, Piper aequale, Serjania racemosa, Sonchus oleraceus}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.94}, author = {Oscar Antonio S{\'a}nchez-Aguirre and Cynthia Fern{\'a}ndez-Pomares and Enrique Ju{\'a}rez-Aguilar and Alberto S{\'a}nchez-Medina and Leticia Margarita Cano-Asseleih} } @article {1153, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Male and Female Schinus terebinthifolius}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {484-491}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

Background: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant popularly known as pink pepper tree, commonly used for wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial purposes. Furthermore, its fruit is used in culinary. Objectives: In order to further understand the composition and bioactivities of S. terebinthifolius essential oil from vegetative and reproductive parts of the tree, we evaluated the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Essential Oils (EO) obtained from different aerial parts of male and female plants. Materials and Methods: The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation; the antioxidant activity was evaluated via two in vitro assays with different mechanisms of action (DPPH and ORACFL) and the chemical composition was determined via GC-MS. Results: The EO from leaf, inflorescence and fruit of S. terebinthifolius showed distinct chemical profiles, yields and antioxidant potentials. Conclusion: The aerial parts of S. terebinthifolius may be used as a natural source of antioxidants, since all samples showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly in the DPPH assay.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Brazilian Pepper Tree, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.050}, author = {Mara Junqueira Carneiro and Guilherme Perez Pinheiro and Andressa Mara Baseggio and M{\'a}rio Roberto Mar{\'o}stica-J{\'u}nior and Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya} } @article {1197, title = {The Potential of Bitter Melon Residues Concerning its Physico-chemical Characterization, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Effects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {26-33}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Background: Bioactive compounds from vegetables have played a substantial role as therapeutic agents in drug discovery since it contains nutraceutical and nutraceutical properties. Cucurbitaceae family encompasses several edible plants that contain valuable natural compounds. Objectives: To evaluate the physicochemical and mineral composition on Momordica charantia fruit residues. Materials and Methods: The physiochemical composition and mineral composition were characterized by FTIR and optical emission spectrophotometer, respectively. The phenolics, flavonoids and total antioxidant activity were employed by spectrophotometrically. The green ultrasound assisted extraction was used for aqueous and 12\% ethanolic extraction for evaluation of phenolic compounds by UPLC/MS. Results: The results revealed the minerals such as K, P, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Sr, Cu and Mn found in bitter melon. High contents of total phenolics content (683.820 to 1753.345 galic acid: quercetin (2:1)/100 g of sample) and total flavonoids (106.206 to 311.423 mg of quercetin/100 g of sample) were observed in peel aqueous extract. The aqueous extract of peel exhibited maximum inhibitory potential against DPPH radical (93\% of inhibition) than ethanolic extract. This aqueous extract of peel also contains naringenin, catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric, ferulic and chlorogenic acids which were reveled from UPLC/MS analysis. Conclusion: This study suggests that M. charantia residues are good sources of functional proteins, lipids, fibers and minerals, resulting in greater nutritional value. In addition, M. charantia is of great interest in its promising benefits for human health, due to its antioxidant capacity and bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Green extraction, Minerals, Momordica charantia, Phenolic compounds, UPLC/MS.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.4}, author = {Julianna Karla Santana Andrade and Romy Gleyse Chagas Barros and Juliete Pedreira Nogueira and Christean Santos de Oliveira and George Ricardo Santana Andrade and Silv{\^a}nio Silv{\'e}rio Lopes da Costa and Narendra Narain and Murugan Rajan} } @article {1141, title = {Total Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Chromatographic Profiling of Extracts of Ardissia solanacea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Background: The current study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential and identification of phytochemicals in Ardissia solanacea leaves extract using chromatography and HR-MS. Materials and Methods: The occurrence of phytoconstituents in different extracts of Ardissia solanacea were assessed by standard procedures. In vitro antioxidant potential was determined by Hydrogen peroxide and DPPH method. The extract was fractionated by Flash Chromatography. The fractions were analysed using HPTLC and further analyzed by HR-MS method to detect and characterize the active phytoconstituents present in it. Results: The highest concentration of flavonoids (371.91{\textpm} 0.167 mg/g of Quercetin Equivalent), phenolics (10.138{\textpm}0.010 mg/g of Gallic acid Equivalent) and tannins (148.23{\textpm}0.510 mg/g of Tannic acid Equivalent) was observed in the ethanol extract. The antioxidant activity by DPPH and H2O2 assay demonstrated that the ethanolic extract (AsEt) showed highest anti-oxidant potential (74.21\% and 83.16\% respectively). The ASEt was fractionated by using Flash chromatography. As a result, Out of 11 fractions, one fraction namely AsEt3 was selected further based on HPTLC results. The HR-MS analysis of ASEt3 indicated presence of thirteen compounds wherein bergapten was predominantly identified. Conclusion: It was revealed that the leaves of Ardissia solanacea possesses high antioxidant potential. The known phytoconstituents namely quercetin and taxifolin along with one unknown compound were identified through the HR-MS study. Using mass library data, we report herein 2 flavonoids and 1 phenolic in the AsEt extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Ardissia solanacea, Flash chromatography, HR-MS analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.038}, author = {Jyotsna Chopade and Asha Thomas and Sohan Chitlange} } @article {1021, title = {Antidiabetic Activities of Medicinal Plants in Traditional Recipes and Candidate Antidiabetic Compounds from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Tubers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {89-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Introduction: Wang-Nam-Yen hospital recipe used as a traditional antidiabetic for a long time, but its beneficial properties have not been described. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic mechanisms including anti-α-glucosidase, anti-α-amylase, anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and wound healing effects of 26 medicinal plants that make up the Wang-Nam-Yen preparation were investigated. Results: Interestingly, most plants in this study inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase at excellent levels with higher potency than standard acarbose (18.2\% {\textpm} 0.5). Hydnophytum formicarum, Urceola minutiflora, and Lagerstroemia speciosa, inhibited DPP-4 with more than 70\% inhibition at 50 μg/mL (82.8\%{\textpm} 0.8, 71.9\% {\textpm} 0.3, and 71.1\% {\textpm} 0.1, respectively compared with standard Diprotin A at 50 μg/mL, 90.1\% {\textpm} 0.4). Terminalia arjuna showed the highest inhibition in all anti-oxidation assays. Andrographis paniculata inhibited NO production at 90.1\% {\textpm} 2.4, which was more effective than indomethacin (34.3\% {\textpm} 2.4). Most of the herbs contained high amounts of terpenoids and flavonoids, which might play an important role in antidiabetic activity. The results demonstrated that H. formicarum extract exhibited the highest anti-DPP-4 activity (IC50 = 33.87 {\textpm} 0.02 μg/mL). When H. formicarum ethanolic extract was isolated, Palmitic acid (1) exhibited DPP-4 inhibitory activity at IC50 value of 73.82 {\textpm} 2.64 μg/mL, and a mixture of stigmasterol (2) and {\ss}-sitosterol (3) at 78.58 {\textpm} 0.92 μg/mL. Conclusion: Many herbs in the Wang-Nam-Yen preparation possessed properties predictive for antidiabetic treatment. The results also suggest the possibility of further use of H. formicarum and its isolated compounds as a standard diabetic drug in the future.

}, keywords = {Anti-DPP-4 activity, Anti-inflammation activity, Anti-α-amylase activity, Anti-α-glucosidase activity, Antidiabetic recipe., Antioxidant activity}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.13}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres14113.html}, author = {Mingkwan Rachpirom and Louis R Barrows and Suriyan Thengyai and Chitchamai Ovatlarnporn and Chonlatid Sontimuang and Pitchanan Thiantongin and Panupong Puttarak} } @article {1009, title = {Chemical and Biological Evaluation of the Aqueous Extract of Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {45-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicine has inspired the scientific community to discover natural compounds with the ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with significant antioxidant capacity. These themes are associated with therapeutic processes to decrease the symptoms of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD). Acetylcholine (Ach) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system responsible for transmitting the nervous impulse and increasing intestinal motility and dilation of sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract. As the species Peumus boldus Molina is widely known and used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal discomfort, its constituents could have an affinity for AChE and could be used to treat AD. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the chemical, inhibitory activity of AChE (using the Elmann method and in silico), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and oxidation inhibition of the β-carotene/linoleic acid system), and quantification of total leaf phenols from a commercial sample of P. boldus. Results: The mass spectral analysis allowed identification of the alkaloids isoboldine, boldine, clocaurine, laurotetanine, N-methylurotetanine, reticuline, and N-methylcoclaurine. In the in silico prediction test, the alkaloid N-metillaurotetanine was the best acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor, with energy of -10.1 kcal mol-1. Conclusion: These results are of scientific relevance for the discovery of new drugs to treat dementia associated with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and stimulate the continuity of chemical and biological studies (anticholinesterase and antioxidant action) of prepurified fractions and substances isolated from P. boldus leaves.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer., Antioxidant activity, Boldo}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.8}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1418.html}, author = {Bruna Yuka Koide da Silva and Aniele da Silva Neves Lopes and Paulo Jos{\'e} Sousa Maia and Josiana Moreira Mar and Laiane Souza da Silva and Edgar Aparecido Sanches and Geone Maia Corr{\^e}a and Jaqueline de Ara{\'u}jo Bezerra and Dominique Fernandes de Moura do Carmo} } @article {1089, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Different Extracts of Aerva javanica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {468-473}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {468}, abstract = {

Background: Ethno medicinal validation, together with the screening of phytochemical and biological activity, is an effective method for identifying new drugs from medicinal herbs. Objectives: The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical nature and antioxidant potential of the selected plant Aerva javanica. Materials and Methods: The plant material of A. javanica was collected, authenticated, leaf and stem parts were separated, shade dried, powdered separately in to coarse powder and extracted with ethanol by Soxhlet apparatus. Both extracts (leaves and stem) were subjected to phytochemical evaluation, total phenolic content estimation by Folin-Ciocalteau and the total flavonoids content estimation by using aluminium chloride colorimetric method. In vitro antioxidant evaluation of the leaves and stem extracts were done by different approaches such as DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, reducing power assay, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Results: In the preliminary phytochemical analysis, both leaves and stem extract showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The results showed the absence of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids and sterols. The total phenolic content in the ethanol extract of A. javanica leaves and stems were found to be 891mg/g and 841mg/g of extract equivalent to gallic acid. The total flavonoids content in the ethanol extract of A. javanica leaves and stems were found to be 950mg/g and 900mg/g of extract equivalent to quercetin. The leaves extract showed maximum antioxidant activity comparing with stem extract in all the test approaches employed. Conclusion: The chromatographic and spectral studies and detailed pharmacological evaluation of the extracts may give more promising data.

}, keywords = {Aerva javanica, Antioxidant activity, Preliminary phytochemical evaluation, Total flavonoid estimation, Total phenolic estimation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.68}, author = {CK Thasneem and GR Vijayasankar and BS Venkateswarlu and R Margret Chandira and S Shanmuganathan} } @article {179, title = {Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Gastric Antiulcerogenic Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract and Leaf Fractions of Solanum stipulaceum Roem. and Schult.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {328-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: An earlier ethnobotanical study showed that the species Solanum stipulaceum was indicated first in many orders for the treatment of gastric ulcers. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical profile and the antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, protective redox, and cytotoxicity activities of the hydroethanol extract (HEE) and leaf fractions of this plant. Materials and Methods: The HEE was obtained by maceration and fractionated by liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction in fractions: hexane fraction, chloroform fraction (CF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and hydromethanol fraction (HMF). Phytochemical profile was evaluated by colorimetric methods. Antioxidant activity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The cellular toxicity was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In vivo antiulcerogenic activity was investigated using the ethanol-induced acute ulcer model. Afterward, protective redox activity was assessed with the plasma and liver of these animals using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Results: Tannins, free steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids were found in HEE, and total flavonoid measured was 5.26 {\textpm} 0.23 μg/mg of the extract. The DPPH activity was higher than 70\% for HEE, EAF, and CF. Treatment with HEE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and CF, EAF, and HMF (200 mg/kg) inhibited the ulcer. CF reduces gastric lesions by 88.29\% (50 mg/kg) and 85.65\% (100 mg/kg). The HEE (400 mg/kg), CF, and EAF (200 mg/kg) reduced oxidative stress in the plasma and in the liver. HMF (200 mg/kg) reduced oxidative stress only in the liver. The HEE and fractions 10{\textendash}50 μg/mL (P \< 0.05) were nontoxic, maintaining cell viability at 65\%. Conclusion: The extract and fractions have antioxidant activity in vitro and ex vivo, antiulcerogenic effect in vivo, and low cytotoxicity up to 50 μg/mL.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Antiulcerogenic activity, cytotoxicity, Phytochemical screening, Solanum stipulaceum, Total flavonoid}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_2_20}, author = {Cirlane Alves Araujo de Lima and Daniela Feitosa de Oliveira and Andressa da Silva and Robson Silva de Lima and Jymmys Lopes dos Santos and Ant{\^o}nio Santos Dias and Andr{\'e} Luiz Lima Menezes dos Santos and Jamylle Nunes de Souza Ferro and Andrea Yu Kwan Villar Shan and Brancilene Santos de Araujo and Emiliano de Oliveira Barreto and Maria Silene da Silva and Josemar Sena Batista and Sara Maria Thomazzi and Sonia Piacente and Cosimo Pizza and Charles dos Santos Estevam} } @article {61, title = {High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {29-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Background: Extracts from Azadirachta indica (A. indica) tend to provide numerous health benefits including antioxidant activity. The main objectives for this research were to use standard procedures to determine total phenols, total alkaloids, total flavonoid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH)-scavenging activity, ferric reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity and analyze active components of the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: In vitro antioxidant potential of the A. indica extract was evaluated using DPPH and total antioxidant ability assays. Ferric reducing power ability of the extract was also examined using tannic acid and ascorbic acid as standard. Concentrations of plant extracts ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 mg/ml were prepared and mixed with appropriate volumes of reagents. Results: Methanol extract of A. indica exhibited higher content of phytochemical compounds (alkaloid = 1.9 mg QE/g; flavonoids = 3.5 mg QE/g; and phenols = 4.9 mg QE/g) at concentration 0.1 mg/ml compared to the acetone/water extract (alkaloid = 1.7 mg QE/g; flavonoids = 1.4 mg QE/g; and phenols = 2.6 mg QE/g). An overall trend found in the present study highlights the fact that the methanol extracts have better antioxidant capacities (DPPH, total antioxidant ability, and ferric reducing antioxidant property) than the acetone/water extract. HPLC analysis conducted also reveals seven peaks for methanol extract and six for acetone{\textendash}water extract with different heights. Conclusion: HPLC analysis of A. indica extracts exhibited the presence of azadirachtin compound. The study showed that the extracts can competently protect the body against oxidative stress and therefore can be used as a source of potent natural antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Azadirachta indica, High-performance liquid chromatography analysis, Leaf extracts, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_14_19}, author = {Emmanuel Ekow Biney and Matthew Nkoom and Williams Kweku Darkwah and Joshua Buer Puplampu} } @article {997, title = {Seasonal Variation of Phytochemicals in Four Selected Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {218-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {218}, abstract = {

Background: The study aimed at assessing total alkaloids content (TAC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and predominant individual phenolic compounds in methanol extracts of M. oleifera, S.singueana, M.azedarach leaves and stem barks of L. discolor collected during different seasons of the year. Materials and Methods: TPC, TFC and TAC were analyzed using the Folin Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay and bromocresol green assay, respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) techniques were used to analyse AA. Phenolic compounds; Vanillic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin, rutin, sinapic acid, 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC - DAD). Results: Barks of L. discolour exhibited high levels of TPC, TFC, TAC and AA during hot-dry season (summer) as compared to S. singueana, M. oleifera and M. azedarach leaves which showed significantly (p\< 0.05) higher levels in hot-wet season (rainy). Levels of TPC, TFC and TAC were significantly (p\< 0.05) influenced by seasonal variations and correlated with levels of AA. Profiles of all phenolic compounds analyzed were not similar in terms of chemical composition and concentration during different seasons. Sinapic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in S. singueana while sinapic acid and ferulic acid were predominant in M. oleifera. Vanillic acid and 2,4-hydroxybenzoic acid were predominant in L. discolor and M. azedarach respectively. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents in medicinal plants are subject to seasonal variations which in turn influence the optimum season of harvesting.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Seasonal variations}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.14}, author = {Bonface Mwamatope and David Tembo and Elizabeth Kampira and Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda and Victoria Ndolo} } @article {167, title = {Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Canavalia Species in High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {400-405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The present study is to enlighten the antioxidant effect of ethanolic seed extracts of Canavalia species in high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD + STZ)-induced diabetic screening model. Objectives: The dispute between free radicals and antioxidants plays a key role in causing alteration of normal physiological conditions. Inadequate antioxidant in body leads to multiple pathological diseases. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic seed extracts of Canavalia species have been investigated for its antioxidant activity in HFD + STZ-induced screening models. The potential of antioxidants on oxidative stress is measured through certain serum biomarkers such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatic markers include lipid peroxidation, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). Enzymatic parameters were studied in liver and kidney homogenates by measuring these observed biomarkers. Results: SOD, GSH, and CAT were decreased in the diabetic group. However, restoration of SOD, GSH, and CAT levels by treatment with ethanolic seed extracts of Canavalia species was observed and tabulated. Histopathological studies of the pancreas of animals showed comparable regeneration of tissues with EECE. Conclusion: Further the characterization studies will be carried out to know the extract mechanism of antioxidant potential of Canavalia species.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia gladiata, Glibenclamide, Histopathology, Streptozotocin.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_46_19}, author = {Anitha Kuttiappan and Sabapathi Mohana Lakshmi and S.V. Satyanarayana} } @article {297, title = {Assessments of Antioxidant, Antilipid Peroxidation, and In-vitro Safety of Derris scandens Vine Extracts from Southern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {60-66}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Background: Derris scandens (DS) has been used in Thai traditional medicine recipes for musculoskeletal pain relief in Southern Thailand. Changing of terrain and climate affected its phytochemical constituents and led to change antioxidant and toxic properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to study phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and toxicity of the DS extracts{\textquoteright} in vitro models. Materials and Methods: The DS ethanolic extract (EE) was partially extracted with chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and water (aqueous extract [AE]). Phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and toxicity in Caco-2 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and red blood cells (RBCs) were explored. Results: Genistein and gallic acid were rich in the EE and CE. The CE demonstrated the highest 2,2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity with half-maximal Radical cavenging concentration (SC50) value {\textendash} 0.81 {\textpm} 0.07 mg/mL. The EE showed the highest 2, 2{\textquoteright}-azino - bis (3 - ethylbenzothiazoline - 6 - sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity (SC50 = 22.05 {\textpm} 3.91 μg/mL) and all the extracts strongly inhibited lipid peroxidation. The EE and CE were more toxic than the EAE on Caco-2 cells with IC50 values {\textendash} 26.45 {\textpm} 3.57 and 36.36 {\textpm} 6.87 μg/mL, respectively. At high dose, all fractions were not toxic to human{\textquoteright}s PBMCs, but they slightly induced RBC hemolysis by 3-6 percent. Conclusion: The DS grown in Southern Thailand had antioxidant properties, toxic to Caco-2 cells and not toxic to normal cells. High dose and continuous consumption of the DS must be concerned. Further safety assessment models including animals and humans should be performed to find safety dose of the DS.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Derris scandens, Genistein, Phytochemical contents, Toxicity.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_141_18}, author = {Rawiwan Nooin and Pornsiri Pitchakarn and Chaturong Kanchai and Churdsak Jaikang} } @article {143, title = {Assessments of Antioxidant, Antilipid Peroxidation, and In-vitro Safety of Derris scandens Vine Extracts from Southern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {60-66}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Background: Derris scandens (DS) has been used in Thai traditional medicine recipes for musculoskeletal pain relief in Southern Thailand. Changing of terrain and climate affected its phytochemical constituents and led to change antioxidant and toxic properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to study phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and toxicity of the DS extracts{\textquoteright} in vitro models. Materials and Methods: The DS ethanolic extract (EE) was partially extracted with chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and water (aqueous extract [AE]). Phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and toxicity in Caco-2 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and red blood cells (RBCs) were explored. Results: Genistein and gallic acid were rich in the EE and CE. The CE demonstrated the highest 2,2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity with half-maximal Radical cavenging concentration (SC50) value {\textendash} 0.81 {\textpm} 0.07 mg/mL. The EE showed the highest 2, 2{\textquoteright}-azino - bis (3 - ethylbenzothiazoline - 6 - sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity (SC50 = 22.05 {\textpm} 3.91 μg/mL) and all the extracts strongly inhibited lipid peroxidation. The EE and CE were more toxic than the EAE on Caco-2 cells with IC50 values {\textendash} 26.45 {\textpm} 3.57 and 36.36 {\textpm} 6.87 μg/mL, respectively. At high dose, all fractions were not toxic to human{\textquoteright}s PBMCs, but they slightly induced RBC hemolysis by 3-6 percent. Conclusions: The DS grown in Southern Thailand had antioxidant properties, toxic to Caco-2 cells and not toxic to normal cells. High dose and continuous consumption of the DS must be concerned. Further safety assessment models including animals and humans should be performed to find safety dose of the DS.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Derris scandens, Genistein, Phytochemical contents, Toxicity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_141_18}, author = {Rawiwan Nooin and Pornsiri Pitchakarn and Chaturong Kanchai and Churdsak Jaikang} } @article {262, title = {Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Litchi chinensis Sonn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Litchi chinensis is used in traditional Chinese medicine and by Indian medical system. Ethnopharmacological studies show anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and analgesic activities, among others. However, there are few studies of antimicrobial activity. This study evaluates antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of the lychee{\textquoteright}s leaves extract (LE) and fractions. Materials and Methods: Extracts were obtained using an exhaustive extraction method with ethanol: Water (7:3 v/v). Subsequently, LE was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Finally, LE was dried via lyophilization. Fractions were obtained via the partition process. Bioactivity of the LE and fractions (hexane [Hex], ethyl acetate [EtOAc], n-butanol [BuOH], and aqueous [Aq]) from L. chinensis was evaluated through antimicrobial activity using broth microdilution, antioxidant activity via both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazila assay and ferric reducing capacity and cytotoxicity through 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Furthermore, mass spectrometry technique electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical composition of the LE and fractions. Results: Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and condensed tannins were the main substances found. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in EtOAc (541.15 {\textpm} 2.4 mg/g and 31.06 {\textpm} 0.5 mg/g, respectively). This fraction showed the best results for antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.45 mg/mL) and ferric reducing capacity (20.27\% {\textpm} 0.11). The LE and fractions showed considerable antimicrobial activity, chiefly against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis, with the minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 50 to 1560 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study revealed that L. chinensis is a source of bioactive compounds potentially useful for pharmaceutical and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Medicinal plants, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_105_18}, author = {Marisa De Oliveira Lopes and Ana Fl{\'a}via Da Silva and Cl{\'a}udio Daniel Cerdeira and Ingridy Simone Ribeiro and Isael Aparecido Rosa and Luis Felipe Cunha Dos Reis and Marcelo Aparecido Da Silva and Marcos Jos{\'e} Marques and Jorge Kleber Chavasco} } @article {109, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Origanum elongatum Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {283-289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {283}, abstract = {

Background: In recent years, antioxidants have become essential in nutrition because of their ability to protect the body against oxidative cell damage that can produce dangerous diseases. Medicinal plants are a major source of many bioactive molecules that act directly on the body. Objective: The main objective of our work is to highlight the antioxidant potential of the essential oil (EO) of Origanum elongatum Emb and Maire (endemic plant of Morocco), determine its composition, and carry out fractionation operations to isolate the molecule (s) responsible for this activity. Materials and Methods: The measurement of the antioxidant activity of the EO is carried out by trapping the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the composition of the EO is determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The fractionation of the EO was carried out by various chromatography techniques. Results: The results show that the EO has an interesting antioxidant activity with an EC50 in the order of 1.2 in comparison with a reference antioxidant, δ-tocopherol whose EC50 is 0.26. The EO of O. elongatum consists of 11 compounds, of which 3 are the majority: carvacrol (60.42\%), para-cymene (13.9\%), and γ-terpinene (9.4\%). Conclusion: Fractionation of the oil made it possible to isolate a purified antioxidant molecule consisting mainly of carvacrol (95\%).

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil composition, Fractionation, Origanum elongatum.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_157_18}, author = {Hanane Oualili and Rachid Nmila and Fatima Chibi, Mariama Lasky and Abderrahmane Mricha and Halima Rchid} } @article {193, title = {Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activities and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting of Fruit Peels Collected from Food Processing Industry Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: An enormous quantity of fruit peel is obtained from food processing industry as leftover materials which cause environmental pollution if not used judiciously. Objective: The present study was focused to explore antioxidant activities and detect bioactive compounds of three different fruit peel wastes (orange, mango, and pomegranate) collected from fruit processing centers. Materials and Methods: Peel extracts were primarily investigated for total phenolic and total flavonoid content (TFC) in three different solvent systems, namely aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v), ethanolic, and aqueous. These were examined for in vitro antioxidant potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. Peel waste extracts were further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Pomegranate peel (PP) wastes exhibited significantly (P \< 0.01) high concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) and TFC followed by mango peel (MP) wastes and orange peel (OP) wastes. DPPH and FRAP tests revealed significantly (P \< 0.01) high antioxidant activity in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic and aqueous extract of PP. The degree of antioxidant activities in each type of solvent was in the order of PP \>MP \>OP. Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong association between antioxidant activity and TPC. High concentration of gallic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and catechin was observed in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v) extracts of PP, and these might be the reason behind the higher antioxidant activities of PP. Conclusion: Results of this study clearly suggest that PP waste contains strong antioxidant molecules and might be used as additive in commercial feed to ameliorate oxidative stress in animals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Flavonoid, High-performance liquid chromatography, Peel waste, Phenolic acid.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_13_19}, author = {Sarbaswarup Ghosh and Jayanta Kumar Chatterjee and Alok Kumar Hazra} } @article {304, title = {Euphorbia hirta Methanolic Extract Displays Potential Antioxidant Activity for the Development of Local Natural Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {78-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {78}, abstract = {

Background: The level of free radicals, which counteract the capability of the antioxidant system in plant products, is often measured in advance for further promising antidisease effect. Objective: In this study, we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of local medicinal plants (Angelica keiskei, Annona muricata, Chromolaena odorata, Clinacanthus nutans, Euphorbia hirta, and Leea indica) for their potential of use as distinctive local natural nutraceutical products. Materials and Methods: To recover active compounds, including yield and composition of the plants, the solvent extraction method, the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, the aluminum chloride approach, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were first performed to evaluate the antioxidant level and capacity of the plant extracts. Results: The aqueous extracts presented the highest yield for all plants, with the highest yield observed in C. nutans. However, the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the methanolic extract of E. hirta rather than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of E. hirta also exhibited the most promising antioxidant activity, with the 50\% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of DPPH inhibition at 0.013 mg/mL. Conclusion: High total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as low IC50 value, suggested that E. hirta methanolic extract is a potential antioxidant agent for the development of local natural products for disease treatment.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activity, Natural product, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_113_18}, author = {Aziana Ismail and Maizan Mohamed and Yap Fon Kwei and Khoo Boon Yin} } @article {146, title = {Euphorbia hirta Methanolic Extract Displays Potential Antioxidant Activity for the Development of local Natural Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {78-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {78}, abstract = {

Background: The level of free radicals, which counteract the capability of the antioxidant system in plant products, is often measured in advance for further promising antidisease effect. Objective: In this study, we sought to evaluate the antioxidant activity of local medicinal plants (Angelica keiskei, Annona muricata, Chromolaena odorata, Clinacanthus nutans, Euphorbia hirta, and Leea indica) for their potential of use as distinctive local natural nutraceutical products. Materials and Methods: To recover active compounds, including yield and composition of the plants, the solvent extraction method, the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, the aluminum chloride approach, and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were first performed to evaluate the antioxidant level and capacity of the plant extracts. Results: The aqueous extracts presented the highest yield for all plants, with the highest yield observed in C. nutans. However, the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the methanolic extract of E. hirta rather than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of E. hirta also exhibited the most promising antioxidant activity, with the 50\% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of DPPH inhibition at 0.013 mg/mL. Conclusion: High total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as low IC50 value, suggested that E. hirta methanolic extract is a potential antioxidant agent for the development of local natural products for disease treatment.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activity, Natural product, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_113_18}, author = {Aziana Ismail and Maizan Mohamed and Yap Fon Kwei and Khoo Boon Yin} } @article {236, title = {In vitro Screening for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Three Lebanese Medicinal Plants Crude Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {127-133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Background: Despite its small geographic area, Lebanon is characterized by a natural wealth in medicinal plants. Lebanese flora has about 2600 species, where \>100 are endemic and are used in traditional medicine for their therapeutic effects. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of dichloromethane, methanol, and aqueous crude extracts of three Lebanese medicinal plants: Geranium robertianum, Asphodelus microcarpus, and Alcea setosa. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts was determined using the free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated in a plate-hole diffusion assay against two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains, one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strain, and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). Results: Methanol and aqueous extracts of G. robertianum possessed high scavenging activity (Radical scavenging activity ( RSA) \>85\%) at 0.3 mg/mL followed by the extracts of A. microcarpus which showed a moderate activity. G. robertianum extracts exhibited good inhibition diameters against S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Obtained results give an overall view on the bioactivities of three Lebanese medicinal plants crude extracts.

}, keywords = {Alcea setosa, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Asphodelus microcarpus, Crude extracts, Geranium robertianum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_171_18}, author = {Josiane Alhage and Hoda Elbitar} } @article {269, title = {Mitochondrial Nephrotoxicity induced by Tacrolimus (FK-506) and Modulatory Effects of Bacopa monnieri (Farafakh) of Tabuk Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Tacrolimus is a known immunosuppressive drug used widely for organ transplantation, but its nephrotoxicity mechanism is still unclear. Objectives: The present study investigates the protective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri (BM), against tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Group 1 (control group); administered orally with normal saline for 30 days; Group 2 (BM extract treated group); Group 3 (tacrolimus-treated group); and Group 4; (tacrolimus plus BM extract treated group). Tacrolimus-treated rats received 1 mg/kg body weight of tacrolimus intraperitoneally for 30 days, and BM-pretreated rats were administered with the dose of 200 mg/kg orally by gavage once a day for 30 days. Results: Tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity was assessed biochemically and histopathologically. Pretreatment with BM has shown to possess a significant protective effect against tacrolimus-induced kidney functions regarding urea, creatinine, and albumin levels, respectively. The creatinine, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and protein carbonyl levels were significantly increased dramatically, and however, the total proteins, albumin, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased when pretreated with tacrolimus. The nephroprotective efficacy of the BM extract was further evident by histopathological analysis and DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: The outcome of this study indicates that BM extracts exerted protection against tacrolimus-induced kidney toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Bacopa monnieri, DNA fragmentation, Nephrotoxicity, Tacrolimus.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_100_18}, author = {Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni and Shalini Saggu and Ehab Tousson and Anand Mohan and Abdullah Farasani} } @article {98, title = {Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {260-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco. Materials and Methods: Sequential Soxhlet extraction of titled plant material was carried out. Phytochemical analysis was performed using standard procedures. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated along with in vitro antioxidant property of the extracts which was assessed by ferric ion-reducing power assay, phosphomolybdenum assay, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Further, the extracts were assessed for anti-inflammatory property by in vitro protein denaturation assay, whereas neuroprotective activity was performed by pretreatment 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, glycosides, lignins, and sterols. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous extract possessed high phenolic content and methanol extract possessed high flavonoid content when compared to other extracts. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity revealed through different assays. Among all the extracts, methanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with 85.32 {\textpm} 1.63 percentage inhibition of protein degradation. Methanol extract at the concentration of 5 μg showed comparatively significant neuroprotection against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced toxicity with 70.02\% SK-S-NH cell survival against 56.30\% cell survival TMT-intoxicated group. Conclusion: The leaf extracts of A. corniculatum possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.

}, keywords = {Aegiceras corniculatum, Antioxidant activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Mangrove plants, Neuroprotective activity.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_48_19}, author = {Badarinath D Kulkarni and Joy Harris Hoskeri and AB Vedamurthy} } @article {116, title = {Safety and Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Thai Poly-Herbal Tea {\textquotedblleft}Phy-Blica-D{\textquotedblright} Used as a Rejuvenation Formula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {295-303}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {295}, abstract = {

Background: The rising popularity of phytonutrient consumption may be due to a vast number of scientific studies that have revealed their health benefits; however, concerns regarding the medical safety of herbal-based products are increasing. Phy-Blica-O is Phyllanthus emblica-based herbal tea used in Thai traditional medicine as a rejuvenating remedy. However, its consumption has been limited due to its strong bitter taste with unpleasant odor. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and antioxidant potential of Phy-Blica-D, the modified formula of Phy-Blica-O which gave high sensory acceptability scores. Materials and Methods: Subacute toxicity studies of Phy-Blica-D infusion was conducted by repeated oral administration of the extract at doses of 5, 50, and 300 mg/kg/day in Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: The formula exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 0.243 {\textpm} 0.006, 0.486 {\textpm} 0.002 and 0.108 {\textpm} 0.004 mg/mL using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and metal chelating assays, respectively. There was no significant treatment-related toxicity as indicated by clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, serum biochemical and hematological parameters, organ weight, and histopathological examination of the animals treated with Phy-Blica-D infusion. These results suggest that the oral no-observed-adverse-effectlevel of Phy-Blica-D extract is \>300 mg/kg body weight/day, or ~3.7 L/kg body weight/day for both sexes. The calculated human equivalent dose value is 48.39 mg/kg/day, or ~600 mL/kg body weight/day. There were no target organs affected. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Phy-Blica-D infusion can be regarded as safe and could potentially be used as a functional ingredient to reduce oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Folkloric infusion, Functional beverage, Phyllanthus emblica, Subacute toxicity study.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_5_19}, author = {Acharaporn Issuriya and Nuntitporn Puangkeaw and Piyapong Choochana and Patcharawalai Jaisamut and Nongluk Kunworarath and Katesarin Maneenoon and Surasak Limsuwan and Thammarat Kaewmanee and Sasitorn Chusri} } @article {301, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Components of Leaves of Aegle marmelos and Psidium guajava and Seeds of Nigella sativa and Correlation with In vitro Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {230-235}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the volatile components of the leaves of Aegle marmelos, Psidium guajava, and seeds of Nigella sativa, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) and correlate with their in vitro antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Plant material was analyzed for heavy metal content (HMC), pesticide residue (PR), and the presence of microbes/ fungi. Following hydrodistillation, the volatile components (AM, PG, and NS) were subjected to GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Results: The plant material passed the test for HMC, PR, microbial, and fungal contamination. Using GC-MS, the number of compounds identified in AM, PG, and NS were 62, 46, and 58, respectively. The antioxidant activity of AM, PG, and NS was 98.538\%, 98.955\%, and 97.755\%, respectively. Conclusion: GC-MS-based methods can be successfully utilized for phytochemical profiling and standardization of plant material.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Antioxidant activity, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric, Nigella sativa, Psidium guajava, Volatile compounds}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_93_17}, author = {C. V. Jayachandran Nair and Sayeed Ahamad and Washim Khan and Varisha Anjum and Rajani Mathur} } @article {360, title = {HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS Characterization of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Strelitzia nicolai Leaf Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities In vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {368-378}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Background: Strelitzia nicolai Regel and K{\"o}rn (Strelitziaceae) is native to Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly investigated. Materials and Methods: In the current work, different solvent extracts of S. nicolai were screened for their chemical profiles through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) analyses. Furthermore, their in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities were evaluated using 2,2{\textquoteright}-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) \& ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and crystal violet staining (CVS) colorimetric assays, respectively. Results: HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analyses led to the identification of nineteen and eleven phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts, respectively including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin 3-(2 G-rhamnosylrutinoside, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-O-dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), phenolic acids derivatives (e.g., chlorogenic acid glycoside, protocatechuic acid-O-glucoside and caftaric acid ), chalcones (e.g., xanthoangelol), and phenylethanoids (e.g., ligstroside glucoside). Moreover, in the DPPH assay the IC50 value of the most active ethyl acetate extract was 20.49 μg/mL, relative to 2.92 μg/mL of ascorbic acid. ABTS and FRAP results reinforced the results of DPPH assay. According to the National Cancer Institute criteria, the tested extracts showed weak to moderate cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranged from 65.23 to 451.29 μg/ mL. Furthermore, the EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts showed a noticeable anticancer activity with CVS spectroscopic readings for liver hepatocellular carcinoma growth 0.806 and 0.684 at a concentration (125 μg/mL), as well as 0.730 and 0.618 at concentration (500 μg/mL), respectively against control at 1.022. Conclusion: The obtained results reveal the high efficacy of the phenolic-rich extracts from S. nicolai as naturally occurring antioxidant and anti-tumor agents.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, Polyphenolics, Strelitzia nicolai}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_89_18}, author = {Mosad Ghareeb and Amal Saad and Wafaa Ahmed and Laila Refahy and Sami Nasr} } @article {279, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activity of Five Peruvian Plants on Human Tumor Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {161-165}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is considered a serious public health problem in the world; searching alternative treatments of medicinal plants constitute a promissory field to find new anticancer drugs. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical screening, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of Waltheria ovata (WO), Piper aduncum (PA), Myrciaria dubia (MD), Physalis peruviana (PP), and Geranium dielsianum (GD) on human tumor cell lines. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was assessed using chemical reactives. TPC was developed using Folin Ciocalteu reactive, and the antioxidant activity was determined against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals by spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic activity was determined on human tumor cell lines followed as: MCF-7, H-460, HT-29, M-14, K-562, and DU-145. Results: Phytochemical study confirmed flavonoids and phenolic compounds in all extracts. TPC was found to be the highest in WO extract (1250 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract) rather than other extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was stablished in WO extract for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests (inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.89 {\textpm} 0.01 μg/mL, IC50 = 4.20 {\textpm} 1.50 μg/mL). Ethanolic extracts (μg/mL) showed low cytotoxicity on human tumor cell lines (CI50 \>20 μg/mL) for PA, PP, GD, MD. Meanwhile, WO presented cytotoxicity on H460, MCF-7, and K562 tumor cell lines. Conclusion: In our findings, WO and MD extracts revealed a high antioxidant and TPC. WO exhibited better cytotoxic effect compared with 5-FU. Hence, these medicinal plants could be effective to prevent cancer disease and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Cancer, cytotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_109_17}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Corina Alvarado-Puray and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Rita Valenzuela-Herrera} } @article {388, title = {Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = { 238-246}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = { 238-}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagopsis taxiformis (Rhodophyta) is a species of red algae belonging to the family Bonnemaisoniaceae. The objective of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of four fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of A. taxiformis. Materials and Methods: The red seaweed, A. taxiformis was collected from Mandapam Coastal Region, Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. Epiphytes present in algal extracts were cleaned and washed with seawater and fresh water. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide radical, metal-chelating activity, and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. Further, the cytotoxic activity was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay. This method is rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and convenient as compared to other cytotoxicity assays. Gallic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and quercetin were used as reference antioxidant compounds. Results: Reducing power of chloroform extract increased with increasing concentration of the extract. The radical scavenging activity of extracts was in the following order: ascorbic acid \> methanol \> chloroform \> petroleum ether \> ethyl acetate. Highest metal-chelating activity was observed in petroleum ether fractions (63\%). Reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) increased in methanol extract (27\%) at 100 μg/ml. Moreover, all fractions had an inhibitory effect on the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Results showed that ethyl acetate, methanol, and petroleum ether fractions exhibited potent cytotoxic activity with median lethal concentration values of 84.33, 104.4, and 104.4 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Thus, the results showed that red algae possess strong antioxidant and cytotoxic activity that suggests their possible use in the development of pharmaceutical drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Cytotoxic, Free radical scavenging}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_128_16}, author = {PV Neethu and K Suthindhiran and MA Jayasri} } @article {453, title = {Antioxidant and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species/Reactive Nitrogen Species Scavenging Activities of Three Porcupine Bezoars from Hystrix brachyura}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {366-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Porcupine dates are phytobezoar stones that are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatments against cancer, postsurgical recovery, dengue fever, etc. The medicinal values have not been scientifically investigated due to the availability and high pricing of the dates. Objectives: This paper represents the first report on the phytochemical content, in vitro antioxidant and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging properties of the extracts of three porcupine dates: grassy date (GD), black date (BD), and powdery date (PD). Materials and Methods: Dried samples were extracted with methanol and lyophilized. Samples were screened for phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant assays based on total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing power (FRP) as well as intracellular ROS and RNS scavenging properties. Results: Phytochemical screening and total tannins assay revealed that tannins, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids were found in all porcupine dates with tannins forming the major portion of the TPC. In comparison to GD, BD and PD were found to contain significantly high TPC, radical scavenging activity, and FRP. At 200 {\textmu}g/ml, BD and PD remarkably scavenged 2, 2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced ROS in RAW264.7 cells and significantly reduced nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Conclusion: Overall, BD and PD exhibited promising in vitro antioxidant as well as intracellular ROS/RNS scavenging properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Oxidative stress, Phytochemical, Porcupine date, Traditional Chinese Medicine}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_145_16}, author = {Peng Nian Yew and Wai Leng Lee and Yau Yan Lim} } @article {318, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification, Chlorogenic Acid Content, and In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Lonicera japonica Flowering Bud}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {128-132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Lonicera japonica Thunb. or Japanese Honeysuckle has been widely used in traditional medicine for antipyretic. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostic specification of L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand and to determine its chlorogenic acid content and in vitro antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: Dried L. japonica flowering bud from 15 various herbal drugstores throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their chlorogenic acid contents were quantitatively analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry with winCATS software. The mobile phase for TLC development consisted of ethyl acetate: formic acid: acetic acid: water (10:1.1:1.1:2.6). Antioxidant activities were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Results: Qualified L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand was presented that the contents of loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water should not be \>10.11\%, 6.59\%, 1.14\%, and 10.82\% by weight, respectively. The ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be \<16.46\% and 28.88\% by weight, respectively. Chlorogenic acid content in L. japonica flowering bud was found to be 2.24 {\textpm} 0.50 g/100 g of crude drug. L. japonica flowering bud showed DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activities as well as reducing power property. Conclusion: This pharmacognostic specification with special reference to the chlorogenic acid content can be used for quality control of L. japonica flowering bud in Thailand. The potential antioxidant of this crude drug was demonstrated in vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Thin layer chromatography-densitometry}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_16}, author = {Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {517, title = {Anti-Advanced Glycation End-product and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Plants from the Yucatecan Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {276-280}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Background: Formation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) is recognized as a major pathogenic process in diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, reactive oxygen species and free radicals have also been reported to participate in AGE formation and in cell damage. Natural products with antioxidant and antiAGE activity have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and related complications. Objective: to test ethanolic extracts and aqueous-traditional preparations of plants used to treat diabetes, hypertension and obesity in Yucatecan traditional medicine for their anti-AGE and free radical scavenging activities. Materials and Methods: ethanolic extracts of leaves, stems and roots of nine medicinal plants, together with their traditional preparations, were prepared and tested for their anti-AGE and antioxidant activities using the inhibition of advanced glycation end products and DPPH radical scavenging assays, respectively. Results: the root extract of C. fistula (IC50= 0.1 mg/mL) and the leaf extract of P. auritum (IC50= 0.35 mg/mL) presented significant activity against vesperlysine and pentosidine-like AGE. Although none of the aqueous traditional preparations showed significant activity in the anti- AGE assay, both the traditional preparations and the ethanolic extracts of E. tinifolia, M. zapota, O. campechianum and P. auritum showed significant activity in the DPPH reduction assay. Conclusions: the results suggest that the metabolites responsible for the detected radical-scavenging activity are different to those involved in inhibiting AGE formation; however, the extracts with antioxidant activity may contain other metabolites which are able to prevent AGE formation through a different mechanism.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Diabetes, glycation-end products, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.188883}, author = {Wendy del C. Dzib-Guerra and Fabiola Escalante-Erosa and Karlina Garc{\'\i}a-Sosa and S{\'e}verine Derbr{\'e} and Patricia Blanchard and Pascal Richomme and Luis M. Pe{\~n}a-Rodr{\'\i}guez} } @article {514, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Polyphenol Contents of Seven Commercially Available Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {258-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits are considered one of the richest sources of natural antioxidants. Their consumption has been linked to the prevention of oxidative stress-induced diseases. Objective: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activities of blueberry, jackfruit, blackberry, black raspberry, red raspberry, strawberry, and California table grape extracts were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (O2 -) scavenging assays, and ferric reducing power. Results: Black raspberry extract had the highest phenolic (965.6 {\textpm} 2.9 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g), flavonoid (186.4 {\textpm} 1.7 mg quercetin equivalents/g), and proanthocyanidin (2677 {\textpm} 71.1 mg GAE/g) contents. All fruit extracts exhibited increasing radical scavenging activities with increased concentrations. At 100 μg/ml, red raspberry extract showed the highest ferric reducing power (A700 = 0.3 {\textpm} 0.0052) and FRAP activity (A593 = 11.43 mM Fe2+/g). Black raspberry extract (100 μg/ml) exhibited the highest DPPH activity (A517 = 89.03 {\textpm} 0.0471). Jackfruit extract (100 μg/ml) had the highest ABTS (A734 = 35.6 {\textpm} 0.613), NO (A540 = 81.7 {\textpm} 0.2), and O2 - radical scavenging (A230 = 55.5 {\textpm} 0.2) activities. Positive correlations were observed between IC50 values for different radical scavenging activities and different polyphenolics. Red raspberry extract had the highest Pearson{\textquoteright}s coefficient values (0.952{\textendash}1) between total phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins and DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Conclusions: The antioxidant rich fruits in this study are good source of functional food and nutraceuticals that have the potential to improve human health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, IC50, Phenols, Proanthocyanidins, radical scavenging}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.188875}, author = {Paramita Basu and Camelia Maier} } @article {427, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Four Alkanna Species Growing in Iran}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {100-104}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are recognized as sources of natural antioxidants that can protect biological system from oxidative stress. Objective: In this study, the antioxidant activities of four species of the Alkanna genus (Alkanna bracteosa, Alkanna frigida, Alkanna orientalis and Alkanna tricophila) were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The dried roots of plant samples (100 g) were extracted separately by percolation method with MeOH/H2O (80/20) and four fractions were provided respectively with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Antioxidant activities were investigated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid methods and compared with quercetin (as positive control). Results: The results indicated that the butanol fractions of four species had the highest antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity compared with the other fractions studied (P \< 0.05). The 50\% effective concentration (half -\ effective doses) values of butanol fractions are less than quercetin and other fractions, so, these fractions showed potent antioxidant activity. This indicated that the active compounds in the root parts of Alkanna species dissolved in the butanol. All the fractions of four species of Alkanna had antioxidant activity, while, there were no significant differences (P \> 0.05) between the total antioxidant activities of same fractions. The total antioxidant activity values of Alkanna fractions in a descending order are as follows: Butanol fraction \> ethyl acetate fraction \> total extract \> hexane fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Conclusion: The antioxidant activities of butanol fractions of samples were higher than quercetin. This may be because most of the active compounds of Alkanna species dissolved in the butanol.

}, keywords = {1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Alkanna, Antioxidant activity, Ferric thiocyanate, Thiobarbituric acid.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147218}, author = {Iraj Salimikia and Ali Reza Yazdinezhad and Fereshteh Golfakhrabadi and Hamid Reza Monsef Esfahani} } @article {539, title = {Seasonal variation in the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content of Artemisia absinthium essential oils}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {329-334}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: The genus Artemisia belonging to the Compositae (Asteraceae) family and many traditional uses from the Artemisia species were reported. Artemisia absinthium is one of the species in this genus and commonly used in the food industry in the preparation of aperitifs, bitters, and spirits. Objective: Evaluation of the effect of different harvesting stages on the composition of essential oil and antioxidant capacity of A. absinthium. Materials and Methods: Essential oils from the aerial parts of A. absinthium, collected in three stages (preflowering, flowering, and after-flowering) from plants grown in the North Khorasan province of Iran were obtained by steam distillation and the chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were determined by 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Analysis of the isolated oils revealed the presence of 44 compounds, mainly alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-pinene, alpha-phellandrene, p-cymene and chamazulene. Alpha-phellandrene, and chamazulene were major compounds in preflowering stage, but beta-pinene and alpha-phellandrene were major in flowering and past-flowering stages. Flowering stage had highest yield and after flowering stage had lowest yield. The essential oil of preflowering stage had the highest amount of antioxidant compound (chamazulene). Preflowering stage with highest amount of phenolic compounds had the strongest antioxidant activity with the lowest amount of EC50. Conclusion: This study showed that the harvesting stage had significant effects on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of essential oils, and chamazulene is main compound for antioxidant activity in A. absinthium.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Artemisia absinthium, Harvesting stage, Total phenolic content.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.158441}, author = {A. Mohammadi and T. Ahmadzadeh Sani and A. A. Ameri and M. Imani and E. Golmakani and H. Kamali} } @article {744, title = {Comparative Study of Antidiabetic activity of Cajanus Cajan and Tamarindus indica in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice with a Reference to In vitro Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {180-187}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress not only develops complications in diabetic (type 1 and type 2) but also contributes to beta cell destruction in type 2 diabetes in insulin resistance hyperglycemia. Glucose control plays an important role in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Some antidiabetic agents may by themselves have antioxidant properties independently of their role on glucose control. Objective: The present investigation draws a comparison of the protective antioxidant activity, total phenol content and the antihyperglycemic activity of the methanolic extract of Cajanus cajan root (MCC) and Tamarindus indica seeds (MTI). Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic potentials of the plant extracts were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice. The plant extracts at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was orally administered for glucose tolerance test during 1-hour study and hypoglycemic effect during 5-day study period in comparison with reference drug Metformin HCl (50 mg/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of MCC and MTI was investigated by using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity at 517 nm. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power activity was also assayed. Results: There was a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose level (P \< 0.001), reduction in blood glucose level (P \< 0.001) in 5-days study, observed in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The reduction efficacy of blood glucose level of both the extracts is proportional to their dose but MCC is more potent than MTI. Antioxidant study and quantification of phenolic compound of both the extracts revealed that they have high antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: These studies showed that MCC and MTI have both hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential but MCC is more potent than MTI. The present study suggests that both MCC and MTI could be used in managing oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Alloxan, Antioxidant activity, Hyperglycemia, Metformin hydrochloride, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.129043}, author = {Laizuman Nahar and Fatema Nasrin and Ronok Zahan and Anamul Haque and Ekramul Haque and Ashik Mosaddik} } @article {870, title = {Assessment of Antioxidant Potentials of Free and Bound Phenolics of Hemidesmus indicus (L) R.Br Against Oxidative Damage Smitha Jayaram}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {November,2011}, pages = {225-231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {225}, abstract = {

Background: Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is a twining shrub commonly found in India, which was known to have wide pharmacological actions. 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid (HMBA) and a number of pregnane glycosides were believed to be responsible for its various bioactivities. Until now, there are no reports regarding the antioxidant properties of phenolics from H. indicus. Objective: To establish the role of phenolics in the properties of H.indicus. Materials and Methods: Hemidesmus free phenolic fraction (HDFP) and Hemidesmus bound phenolic fraction (HDBP) have been isolated from H. indicus, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated for inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DNA protection, free radical scavenging (FRS), reducing power and cytoprotective activities. Results: HDFP and HDBP exhibited potent inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC50 - 19.5 {\textpm}0.5 and 21.7 {\textpm}0.5 μg gallic acid equivalent - GAE/mL), FRS (IC50 - 7 {\textpm} 0.2 and 8.6 {\textpm} 0.2 μgGAE/mL), reducing power (110.3 {\textpm} 2 and 33.5 {\textpm} 1 U/g) and red blood cell protection (14.8 {\textpm} 0.4 and 14.5 {\textpm} 0.5 μg GAE/mL). HDFP is constituted by gallic (18\%), caffeic (17\%), ferulic acids (16\%) and HDBP by syringic acid (35\%) as major phenolic acids. Besides, both HDFP and HDBP contained significant levels of HMBA; in HDFP (10\%) and HDBP (57\%), respectively. Results indicated a 34-and 27-folds better contribution to the antioxidant activity by HDFP and HDBP, respectively, than that of HMBA. Conclusion: Potent antioxidant activities of phenolics may be one of the mechanisms by which H.indicus is effective against several health disorders as encountered in traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Bound phenolics, DNA protection, Free phenolics, Red blood cell protection}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.89741}, author = {Smitha Jayaram and Shylaja M. Dharmesh} } @article {813, title = {Analysis of Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Juniperus excelsa M. B subsp. Polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {128-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Juniperus excelsa M.B subsp. Polycarpos (K.Koch), collected from south of Iran, was subjected to hydrodistillation using clevenger apparatus to obtain essential oil. The essential was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and studied for antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. The results indicated α-pinene (67.71\%) as the major compound and α-cedral (11.5\%), δ3-carene (5.19\%) and limonene (4.41\%) in moderate amounts. Antimicrobial tests were carried out using disk diffusion method, followed by the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were susceptible to essential oil. The oil showed radical scavenging and antioxidant effects.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Essential oil, Juniperus excelsa, Thin layer chromatography autographic assay}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65505}, author = {MR Moein and Y Ghasemi and S Moein and M Nejati} } @article {859, title = {Antioxidant activity of aquilaria malaccensis (thymelaeaceae) leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {270-273}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

The phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves were investigated. The sequential maceration extraction methods utilizing solvents with different polarities namely hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol yielded the corresponding crude extract. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, triterpenoids, steroids and saponins. The phytochemical screening suggests that flavanoids present in this species might provide a great value of antioxidant activity. Preliminary screenings of the free radical scavenging activity on the extracts of the plants with 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were tested and showed positive result. Quarcetine was used as reference standard. The extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 8.0 {\texttimes} 102 μg/ml, 1.6 {\texttimes} 102 μg/ml, 1.4 {\texttimes} 102 μg/ml, 30.0 μg/ml and 3.33 μg/ ml for hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate, methanol and quarcetine respectively.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Aquilaria malaccensis, IC50 value}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Huda A.W.N and Munira M.A.S and Fitrya S.D and Salmah M} } @article {948, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Leaves and Inflorescence of Eryngium Caucasicum Trautv at Flowering Stage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Methanol extracts of leaves and inflorescence of Eryngium Caucasicum Trautv at flowering stage were investigated for their antioxidant activities employing six in vitro assay systems, i.e. DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power, linoleic acid and iron ion chelating power. IC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 0.15 {\textpm} 0.01 for leaves and 0.39 {\textpm} 0.02 mg ml-1 for inflorescence. Reducing powers of both extracts increased with the increase of their concentrations. Leaves extract showed better activity than Vitamin C (p\< 0.05). Extracts showed weak nitric oxide-scavenging activity. Leaves extract exhibited better Fe2+ chelating ability (IC50=0.25 mg ml-1) that was comparable with EDTA. (IC50=18 μg ml-1). Inflorescence extracts had shown a very weak activity. Extracts showed very good scavenging activity of H2O2. IC50 was 25.5 {\textpm} 1.3 for leaves and 177.2 {\textpm} 11.6 mg ml-1 for inflorescence, respectively. No antioxidant activity exhibited in linoleic acid test. Extracts exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in all the models studied.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, DPPH, Eryngium caucasicum, Folin-Ciocalteau, Free radical scavenging activity}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Ebrahimzadeh Mohamamd Ali and Nabavi Seyed Fazel and Nabavi Seyed Mohammad} } @article {849, title = {Comparison Between the Antioxidant Properties of Slurry of the Coffee (Coffea Arabica) and Coffee Beverage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {245-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

Residues of coffee called slurry are totally discarded after preparing coffee beverages and they do not present any potential use. These represent about 15{\textendash}20\% of coffee production on weight basis and attention are giving in how explored them. Coffee residues and beverage were evaluated, after extraction with different solvents such as hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol and methanol. Antioxidant potential from extracts were evaluated then, for this purpose, was used in vitro models such as radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH.), reducing power activity and chelating capacity. The highest yields were obtained for dichloromethane (B), ethyl acetate (C) and methanol (I). B extract exhibits the maximum radical scavenging activity (91.8\%) followed by C extract (85.6\%) and then, I extract (57.4\%) each one at 200 mg L{\textendash}1. For reducing power activity the extracts B, C, I, ethanol (H) and ethyl acetate (E) showed 85.4\%, 71.6\%, 36.2\%, 19.3\% and 12.4\% of antioxidant activity, respectively, at 1000 mg L{\textendash}1. The chelating capacity for I, ethanol (F), C and B extracts was 14.8\%, 14.7\%, 9.9\% and 4.3\% when compared to etilendiamintetracetic acid (EDTA) chelating capacity. The high antioxidant potentials observed for the extracts of the slurry is due to the presence of phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acids which make them more suitable as a source of natural antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Coffea Arabica Roasted coffee, Slurry of coffee}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Rocha Bruno Alves and Batista Bruno Lemos and Duarte Stella Maris da Silveira and Dos Santos and Marcelo Henrique} }