@article {162, title = {Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Potential of Bael Leaf (Aegle marmelos) on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: Aegle marmelos (Bael) is one of the important medicinal plants for curing human diseases. Nevertheless, the information about the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of Bael leaf is not much. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Bael leaf in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Materials and Methods: Bael leaves extract was prepared by 80\% (v/v) aqueous ethanol and measured for total phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity. The ability of ethanolic Bael leaf extract to inhibit hepatic cancer cells (HepG2 cell) growth was evaluated by determining the percentages of cell viability. The levels of intracellular reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were determined. Results: Bael leaf extract demonstrated the potentiality to inhibit the cancer cell growth with a 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 50 μg/ml and 72 μg/ml after 24 h and 48 h incubated times, respectively. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract were 218.33 {\textpm} 43.81 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract and 33.62 {\textpm} 3.07 mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity/g of dry extract, respectively. At the lowest concentration of Bael leaf extract, it was found that Bael leaf extract shows the antioxidant activity by the ability to lowering the level of ROS and malondialdehyde in HepG2 cell. Conclusion: Bael leaf has a high antioxidant component, which is beneficial and can be developed as new therapeutic uses. However, further studies on the benefits of Bael leaf should be performed for better realizing and effective use soon.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bael, cytotoxicity, Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Malondialdehyde, Reactive-oxygen species}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_15_20}, author = {Kanokwan Kulprachakarn and Sakaewan Ounjaijean and Somdet Srichairatanakool and Duangta Kanjanapothi} } @article {148, title = {Ashwagandha Reverses the Dieldrin-induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {92-97}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Dieldrin (DLD) is an organochlorine pesticide heavily used in agriculture to control pests. Widespread exposures of DLD to human population are likely to contribute in neurological disorders. Withania somnifera (WSF), commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}ashwagandha,{\textquotedblright} is used for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of WSF (100 mg/kg) on DLD (5 mg/kg)-induced modulation of cognitive function and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Cognitive function was measured using step-down latency (SDL) on a continuous avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. Oxidative stress was estimated by measuring brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level, protein carbonyl (PC), and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity. Significant reduction in both acquisition and retention in SDL was found for the DLD-treated group at the end of the exposure study as compared to the control (P \< 0.001). DLD caused a significant prolongation in both acquisition and retention in TL after 28 days of the treatment as compared to the control (P \< 0.001). Four-week treatment of WSF antagonized the effect of DLD on SDL and TL at the 29th day. DLD produced a statistically significant increase in the brain MDA and PC levels (P \< 0.001), and a significant decrease in the brain GSH activity (P \< 0.001). Treatment with WSF attenuated the effect of DLD on MDA, PC, and GSH activities. Thus, the finding of this study suggests that WSF has potential in reversing cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by toxicants such as DLD in the brain.

}, keywords = {Ashwagandha, Dieldrin, Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, Protein carbonyl}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_77_18}, author = {Tandra Ghosh and Sanvidhan G. Suke and Chandrashekhar Yadav and Rafat Ahmed and Basu Deb Banerjee} } @article {308, title = {Ashwagandha Reverses the Dieldrin-induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February,2019}, pages = {92-97}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Dieldrin (DLD) is an organochlorine pesticide heavily used in agriculture to control pests. Widespread exposures of DLD to human population are likely to contribute in neurological disorders. Withania somnifera (WSF), commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}ashwagandha,{\textquotedblright} is used for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of WSF (100 mg/kg) on DLD (5 mg/kg)-induced modulation of cognitive function and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Cognitive function was measured using step-down latency (SDL) on a continuous avoidance apparatus and transfer latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. Oxidative stress was estimated by measuring brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level, protein carbonyl (PC), and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity. Significant reduction in both acquisition and retention in SDL was found for the DLD-treated group at the end of the exposure study as compared to the control (P \< 0.001). DLD caused a significant prolongation in both acquisition and retention in TL after 28 days of the treatment as compared to the control (P \< 0.001). Four-week treatment of WSF antagonized the effect of DLD on SDL and TL at the 29th day. DLD produced a statistically significant increase in the brain MDA and PC levels (P \< 0.001), and a significant decrease in the brain GSH activity (P \< 0.001). Treatment with WSF attenuated the effect of DLD on MDA, PC, and GSH activities. Thus, the finding of this study suggests that WSF has potential in reversing cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by toxicants such as DLD in the brain.

}, keywords = {Ashwagandha, Dieldrin, Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, Protein carbonyl.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_77_18}, author = {Tandra Ghosh and Sanvidhan G. Suke and Chandrashekhar Yadav and Rafat Ahmed and Basu Deb Banerjee} } @article {443, title = {Effect of the Administration of Solanum nigrum Fruit on Prevention of Diabetic Nephropathy in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {325-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Background: Our previous study showed antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum Linn fruit (SNE). Objective: This study was designed to explore the antidiabetic and nephroprotective effects of SNE in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into nine groups to undergo two experiment protocols: Two groups served as nondiabetic controls (NDCs), while the other groups had diabetes induced with a single injection of streptozotocin. SNE-treated diabetic (D-SNE) and SNE-treated controls (NDC-SNE) received 1 g/L of SNE added to the drinking water and insulin-treated diabetic (D-I) for 8 weeks. Furthermore, there were four groups (D-SNE, NDC-SNE, D-I, D) in the second protocol to examine diabetic nephropathy (DN) for 16 weeks. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) magnesium, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Both kidneys were isolated to measure MDA, NO levels, and renal damage. Results: SNE could decrease blood glucose level in diabetic rats. In addition, SNE was more effective than insulin in controlling blood glucose. SNE could decrease BUN, Cr levels, and kidney weight and damage after 8 and 16 weeks of administration. Plasma and kidney levels of NO and MDA also decreased. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that SNE could play a role in the management of diabetes and the prevention of DN.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine, Diabetic nephropathy, Malondialdehyde, Solanum nigrum fruit}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_47_17}, author = {Fariba Azarkish and Kobra Hashemi and Ardashir Talebi and Mohammad Kamalinejad and Nepton Soltani and Nima Pouladian} } @article {811, title = {A Study of the Protective Effect of Triticum aestivum L. in an Experimental Animal Model of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {285-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Keeping in view the proven antioxidant activity of Triticum aestivum L., this study has been undertaken to explore the potential therapeutic benefit of this plant in the treatment of CFS. Objective: To study the protective effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Triticum aestivum (EETA) in an experimental mice model of CFS. Materials and Methods: Five groups of albino mice (20-25 g) were selected for the study, with five animals in each group. Group A served as the na{\"\i}ve control and Group B served as the stressed control. Groups C and D received EETA (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.w.). Group E received imipramine (20 mg/kg b.w.). Except for Group A, mice in each group were forced to swim 6 min each for 7 days to induce a state of chronic fatigue. Duration of immobility was measured on every alternate day. After 7 days, various behavioral tests (mirror chamber and elevated plus maize test for anxiety, open field test for locomotor activity) and biochemical estimations (malondialdehyde [MDA] and catalase activity) in mice brain were performed. Results: Forced swimming in the stressed group resulted in a significant increase in immobility period, decrease in locomotor activity and elevated anxiety level. The brain homogenate showed significantly increased MDA and decreased catalase levels. The extract-treated groups showed significantly (P \< 0.05) improved locomotor activity, decreased anxiety level, elevated catalase levels and reduction of MDA. Conclusion: The study confirms the protective effects of EETA in CFS.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Ethanolic extract, Imipramine, Malondialdehyde, Triticum aestivum L}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138251}, author = {Mukundam Borah and Phulen Sarma and Swarnamoni Das} }