@article {1403, title = {In vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Argemone mexicana and Prosopis cineraria Methanolic Extracts against Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Glioblastoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Objectives: The antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of Argemone mexicana and Prosopis cineraria were investigated against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of the plants were tested for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH and FRAP assays with ascorbic acid as a positive control. The phenolic and flavonoid content of both the plant extracts were evaluated. The anti-proliferative activity of hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines were estimated by treating the cells with plant extracts by MTT assay. Results: Ascorbic acid showcased the lowest IC50 value at 32.61{\textpm}4.10 μg/mL, followed by A. mexicana (84.02{\textpm}2.46 μg/mL) and P. cineraria (212.65{\textpm}4.77 μg/ mL). Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed the presence of ascorbic acid in both plant extracts, with concentrations of 29.17{\textpm}0.30 μmol AAE/g in A.mexicana and 19.83{\textpm}0.55 μmol AAE/g in P. cineraria. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) in the stem of Argemone mexicana was determined to be 30.44{\textpm}3.73 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram, while that in the leaves of Prosopis cineraria was measured at 6.67{\textpm}0.69 mg of GAE/g. Similarly, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the stem of A. mexicana was quantified at 16.67{\textpm}1.19 mg of Quercetin Equivalents (QE) per gram, contrasting with the TFC in the leaves of P. cineraria, which registered at 2.17{\textpm}0.59 mg of QE/g. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay, showing a significant decrease in cell viability in both cell lines. The IC50 concentrations were determined as 91.3{\textpm}3.17 μg/mL and 78.43{\textpm}4.16 μg/mL for A. mexicana and 261.43{\textpm}35.16 μg/mL and 108.03{\textpm}2.97 μg/mL for P. cineraria against HepG2 and U87MG cells, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest the capacity of both plants as source of antioxidant and carcinostatic agents against hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Argemone mexicana, Cytotoxic, Medicinal plants, Prosopis cineraria}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252073}, author = {Divya Vashishth and Sudhir Kumar Kataria} } @article {1405, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Hardwickia binata Roxbs against Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7 and Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line HeLa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {638-644}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Hardwickia binata belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae is used traditionally folklore remedies for a variety of illnesses, such as fungus, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, cancer, diarrhoea, leprosy, worm infections, dyspepsia, leucorrhoea, chronic cystitis and gonorrhoea. In the present study the leaves of Hardwickia binata were treated to solvent extraction using ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, ethanol by soxhlet. The various solvent extract were investigated for the presence of phytochemicals such as phenolic substances, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and proteins. The phytochemical were determined by conventional qualitative test and quantitative test like total phenolic, total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was done by different assay method using DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric acid scavenging, reducing power assay method. Cytotoxicity efficacy was estimated using MTT assay method against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. IC50 was calculated. This study showed that Hardwickia binata leaves may have potential to inhibit cancer cell growth in addition to focus on search of phytochemicals from leaves of Hardwickia binata roxbs due to their health promising effect including antioxidant and anticancer and can be used as leading drugs to treat cancer. The plant also has excellent antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cancer cell line, Cytotoxicity assay, Hardwickia binata, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252098}, author = {Snehal Praful Shingade and Rajendra Baliram Kakde} } @article {1374, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Borassus flabellifer L. Sprouts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {272-276}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Background: Various plant parts are utilized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic capabilities. Borassus flabellifer is popularly referred to as double palm, Palmyra palm, or toddy palm. The tree{\textquoteright}s young roots have been utilized to serve as anti-parasitic and diuretic and root decoction serves to treat gastritis and respiratory conditions. Objectives: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts, the quantification of phenol and flavonoid in petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts. Also, to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Borassus flabellifer sprouts. Materials and Methods: To find important phytoconstituents, freshly made plant extracts were put through both quantitative as well as qualitative phytochemical screening procedures. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay to assess various extracts. Results: Numerous phytochemicals, including alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, coumarins and saponins are found in various B. flabellifer extractions. The largest quantity of phenol is found in aqueous extracts, also the highest concentration of flavonoids is found in aqueous extracts of B. flabellifer. In vitro, B. flabellifer ethanol extracts had noticeably higher antioxidant activity than other extracts. Conclusion: Nevertheless, presence of several phytochemicals gave all plant extracts antioxidant properties. The latest study makes it easier for researchers to find and separate novel bioactive substances wit

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Borassus flabellifer, Phytochemical, radical scavenging, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252040}, author = {Agna Cheruvathoor Shaju and Archana Dasan and Nandana Arikanniyoor Vineethan and Shibla Nargees and Steji Francis and Anu Chalakkal Benny and Sheeja Thomas Tharakan} } @article {1424, title = {Safawi Date Extract Ameliorated Diabetogensis and Nephrotoxicity Induced by Propyl Paraben in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {July 2025}, pages = {7}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Parabens are synthetic compounds used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives in many products. The nephrotoxicity and diabetogenic development during exposure of rats to propyl paraben and role of of Safawi Date Extract (SDE) supplementation were investigated. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were assigned into five groups; (6 rats each). Group I served as the control while groups II-IV were given 100, 200, 300 mg/ kg bw/day propylparaben respectively. Group V; rats received 300 mg propyl paraben and treated with 100 mg SDE for four weeks. Results: Data obtained showed that rats given propyl paraben at 100 mg/kg b.w showed a non significant changes in the levels of glycated Hemoglobin (HA1c), Malondialdhyde (MDA), creatinine, glucose, insulin, antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH content. However, propyl paraben at 200 or 300 mg/kg b.w after 3 weeks, showed a significant elevated HA1c, MDA, fasting blood glucose, creatinine levels (p\<0.001) while insulin level, were significantly reduced (p\<0.001). The antioxidant enzymes activities (GPx, Grase, SOD, Catalase) were reduced in rats given propylparaben versus control. Treatment of rats with SDE ameliorate these abnormal changes. It was concluded that flavonoids (epicatechin, catechin and procyanidin) from SDE showed protective effect against abnormal variability induced by propylparaben by enhancing antioxidants activities, reduces lipid peroxidation and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Alarming the consumers for uses, the products contain propyl paraben for its toxic effect and diabetogenic effect. Identifying the mechanism of diabetogensis due to exposure of propylparaben for long time.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, date flavonoides, Insulin resistance, Propylparaben, Rats}, author = {Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki} } @article {1425, title = {Safawi Date Extract Ameliorated Diabetogensis and Nephrotoxicity Induced by Propyl Paraben in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {July 2025}, pages = {7}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Parabens are synthetic compounds used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives in many products. The nephrotoxicity and diabetogenic development during exposure of rats to propyl paraben and role of of Safawi Date Extract (SDE) supplementation were investigated. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were assigned into five groups; (6 rats each). Group I served as the control while groups II-IV were given 100, 200, 300 mg/ kg bw/day propylparaben respectively. Group V; rats received 300 mg propyl paraben and treated with 100 mg SDE for four weeks. Results: Data obtained showed that rats given propyl paraben at 100 mg/kg b.w showed a non significant changes in the levels of glycated Hemoglobin (HA1c), Malondialdhyde (MDA), creatinine, glucose, insulin, antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH content. However, propyl paraben at 200 or 300 mg/kg b.w after 3 weeks, showed a significant elevated HA1c, MDA, fasting blood glucose, creatinine levels (p\<0.001) while insulin level, were significantly reduced (p\<0.001). The antioxidant enzymes activities (GPx, Grase, SOD, Catalase) were reduced in rats given propylparaben versus control. Treatment of rats with SDE ameliorate these abnormal changes. It was concluded that flavonoids (epicatechin, catechin and procyanidin) from SDE showed protective effect against abnormal variability induced by propylparaben by enhancing antioxidants activities, reduces lipid peroxidation and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Alarming the consumers for uses, the products contain propyl paraben for its toxic effect and diabetogenic effect. Identifying the mechanism of diabetogensis due to exposure of propylparaben for long time.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, date flavonoides, Insulin resistance, Propylparaben, Rats}, author = {Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki} } @article {1421, title = {Synergistic Effects of Guan-Xin-Er-Hao and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice: Unveiling Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {665-678}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {665}, abstract = {

Background: The Guan-Xin-Er-Hao (GXII) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, contains hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) as its main active compound for treating coronary heart disease. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of HSYA compared to GXII and elucidate its molecular mechanisms in combating atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: Guan-Xin-Er-Hao (GXII) was analyzed using HPLC-MS, which identified three main absorbable components: Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (HSYA), Ferulic Acid and Tanshinol. Among them, HSYA demonstrated the most pronounced effects in the in vitro experiments, leading to its selection for subsequent in vivo studies due to its high content and superior bioavailability within GXII. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks and treated orally with GXII or HSYA. Atherosclerotic plaque areas and plasma lipid levels served as indicators of anti-atherosclerotic activity. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) and inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-1β) were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The Contribution Rate (CR) analysis indicated that HSYA significantly influenced serum lipid levels, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory protein/mRNA levels, with HSYA demonstrating a CR exceeding 90\% relative to GXII. These findings underscore HSYA{\textquoteright}s predominant role within GXII in exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects through mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusion: The synergistic actions of GXII and HSYA reveal a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis, offering valuable insights into their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in ApoE-/- mice.

}, keywords = {Anti-atherosclerosis, Anti-Inflammation, Antioxidant, Guan-Xin-Er-Hao, Hydroxysafflor yellow A}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252095}, author = {Wenya Huang and Le Zhang and Li Zhou and Zhifang Cai and Kaige Wu and Yu Wang and Runze Zhou and Min Xu and Jia Li and Yunke Huang and Ping Ren and Xi Huang} } @article {1368, title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Infused Microspheres: An in vitro Exploration of their Cytotoxic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Virtues}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {244-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are vital polyunsaturated fats that are fundamental to maintaining overall health and well-being. Objectives: This research focused on the preparation of omega-3 fatty acid microspheres and evaluated their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: Omega-3 fatty acid microspheres were developed using the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion method. The resulting microspheres were analyzed for their surface characteristics using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Various concentrations (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) were subjected for characterization. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized microspheres was assessed using brine shrimp lethality assay. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were assessed through protein denaturation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Results: Particle size analysis showed that over 90\% of the produced microspheres ranged from 32 to 55 μm. Nauplii lethality was assessed over two days. At 25 μg/mL, no mortality was observed on either day. However, on day 2, mortality was 20\% at both 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL concentrations. Additionally, protein denaturation and DPPH assays indicated a significant increase in inhibition percentages as the concentration of omega-3 fatty acid microspheres increased. Conclusion: The omega-3 fatty acid microspheres developed in this study was non-cytotoxic and exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making them an ideal candidate for local drug delivery applications.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Fatty acid, Free radical, Inflammation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252014}, author = {Johnisha Harris John Manohar and Arvina Rajasekar} } @article {1387, title = {Syringic Acid Ameliorates Bleomycin Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats via Maintenance of Endogenous Antioxidants and Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {532-542}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {532}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic administration of Bleomycin (BLM), a chemotherapeutic drug, has been linked to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). It has been observed that syringic acid, a phenolic compound, has antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Objectives: To assess syringic acid{\textquoteright}s therapeutic potential against lung fibrosis caused by BLM and determine potential mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were inducted into IPF after receiving 7.5 IU/kg of BLM intratracheally. Syringic acid (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered to rats for 14 days, after which different parameters in lung and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) were measured. Results: Altered BALF differential cell counts, elevated lung index, hydroxyproline, NO, MDA levels and reduction in GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT in group receiving BLM were evidence of pulmonary toxicity. Administering 50 mg/kg of syringic acid significantly reduced (p\<0.001) the changes brought about by BLM. The expression of TNF-α was greatly reduced by syringic acid when it was stimulated by BLM. The BLM-treated group{\textquoteright}s histological analysis revealed significant lung damage with alveolar septal thickening, interstitial infiltration, collapsing alveolar gaps and an elevated Szapiel score. Syringic acid lessened these effects. Syringic acid group (p\<0.01) markedly reduced Szapiel score, collagen deposition, lung edema and fibrotic alterations. It also inhibited infiltration of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells, primarily macrophages and lymphocytes. This, in turn, improves control of oxidant and pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α) to decrease collagen deposition during pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that Syringic acid can protect the lung against BLM-induced pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Anti-fibrotic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Bleomycin, Pulmonary fibrosis, Syringic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251990}, author = {Bhupatiraju VS Lakshmi and Krupa Varam Bethala} } @article {1325, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Impact of Jujuboside B on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {977-984}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Aim: Zizyphus jujuba Mill, a well-known traditional Eastern medicine, has been documented to display a variety of biological system-related actions. Zizyphus jujuba fruits contain a natural saponin called jujuboside B (JB), which is one of their active ingredients. Materials and Methods: In the current work, the viability of the RAW-264.7 cells was assessed by treating them with varying concentrations of JB. Also, measurement of nitric oxide and intracellular ROS generation. We examined the antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory activities of jujuboside B on RAW-264.7 cells stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: At every treatment concentration, the cells remained viable. Antioxidant enzyme levels were downregulated after LPS treatment, although NO, ROS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were significantly elevated. This suggests that cells exposed to LPS display signs of inflammation and oxidative damage. Following JB therapy, antioxidant enzyme levels increased due to a considerable reduction in NO, ROS, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This demonstrates JB{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Conclusion: Our findings provide scientific justification for the utilization of JB for treating inflammatory illnesses by indicating that it modulates the major inflammatory processes and reduces the inflammatory responses stimulated by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Jujuboside B, LPS, RAW-264.7 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.111}, author = {Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz} } @article {1219, title = {A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutical and Ethnobotanical Aspects, Phytoconstituent and Pharmacological Activity of Aesculus indica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {203-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aesculus indica Wall. Ex Camb. Hook, a member of the Hippocastanaceae family, exhibits robust growth in colder climates worldwide, showcasing its remarkable adaptability. Within its various components lie a diverse array of constituents, each harboring a treasury of advantageous compounds that have found utility across a spectrum of applications. These applications encompass the amelioration of gastrointestinal disturbances, facilitation of hemostasis, management of diabetes, and mitigation of various dermatological afflictions. Through a comprehensive synthesis of information gleaned from an array of authoritative sources including meticulous literature surveys, our study provides a thorough dissection. It traverses the multifaceted tapestry of this plant{\textquoteright}s applications, devlopes into its intricate chemical composition, and elucidates its nuanced effects on human health and well-being. This compendium stands as an invaluable reservoir, poised to aid and embolden scientists and researchers engaged in the exploration of natural products. Its content, meticulously aggregated and meticulously crafted, promises a resourceful springboard for their scholarly inquiries while assuring originality and authenticity in their pursuits.

}, keywords = {Aesculus indica, Anti-diabetic activite, Antimicrobial activity., Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology activity, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.26}, author = {Shubham Anand and Arijit Chaudhuri and Neha Chopra and Devendra Dhanorya and Manoj Kumar Bajhaiya and Gujjala Sai Sri Harsha and Vijeta Bhattacharya and Udichi Kataria and Gaurav Kumar} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiling of Morinda pubescence Extract as Potential Agent for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s and Diabetes Mellitus Dual Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {254-263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that metabolic disturbances associated with the Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are recognized to be linked with brain atrophy as well as the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD). Therefore, development of multi-targeted agents found to be one of the best options to combat co-occurring disorders like DM and AD concurrently. These enthused us to investigate the potency of M. pubescence against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), α-Glucosidase and β-Glucosidase enzymes, important pathological targets of AD and DM. Objectives: In this study, methanolic extract (MPM) and its derived fractions of Morinda pubescence were assessed for their capacities to inhibit target enzymes AChE, BuChE and α- and β- glucosidases and the active fraction was also screened for its phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract (MPM) and chloroform fraction (MPC) were evaluated for their inhibitory capacities against AChE and BuChE, and α- and β-glucosidases besides kinetic analysis of inhibition using methods of Elmann and Shibano, respectively. Antioxidant ability was estimated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotective abilities were tested by the MTT assay using human nueroblastoma cell lines. Phytochemical screening was done with the aid of spectrophotometric methods. Results: The MPC of titled plant had prominent inhibitory potencies against AChE, BuChE, α- and β-glucosidase enzymes. Kinetic study inferred the pattern of inhibition as mixed. Significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were found for MPC (86.95{\textpm}1.9 mg TE/g and 3.6{\textpm}0.1mg AAE/g). In MTT assay, the active MPC fraction disclosed remarkable cell viability and neuroprotective abilities in SK-N-SH cells. Phytochemical profiling showed that the fraction MPC had highest amount of flavonoids (41.9{\textpm}1.8 mg RE/g dry matter) and phenolics (85.5{\textpm}0.98 mg GAE/g dry matter) and had the significant impact on enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results provided valuable evidence for the potential of chloroform fractions of methanolic extract of M. pubescence as prospective material for further development of multifunctional agents to control both Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) simultaneously.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Morinda pubescence, Neuroprotective., Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.32}, author = {Raveendra Babu Zinka and Mohan Penumala and Jeelan Basha Shaik and Yelamanda Rao Kandrakonda and Sree Lakshmi Mothukuru and Verri Krishna Priya and Siddhartha Eadlapalli and Ramakrishna Vadde and Gangaiah Damu Amooru} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical Insights into Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials Across Five Indian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {423-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda use plant extracts; Indian medicinal plants like Alternanthera sessilis, Cassia auriculata, Murraya koenigii, Celastrus paniculatus, and Moringa concanensis are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, known for antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, prompting scientific validation of their traditional use and understanding their pharmacological properties. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of hydroalcoholic extracts from the aforementioned Indian medicinal plants, employing Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) for enhanced extraction efficiency. The research seeks to establish connections between the phytochemical compositions and bioactivities of the extracts through comprehensive analyses. Materials and Methods: The study involves the characterization of physical properties, phytochemical screening, and quantitative assessment of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content in the hydroalcoholic extracts. Antioxidant activities are evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, as well as the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The antimicrobial potential against various pathogens is assessed using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) calculation method. Results: The study reveals a diverse array of bioactive compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extracts, including phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Cassia auriculata and Celastrus paniculatus extracts exhibit notable antioxidant activity, supported by high levels of total phenolic and tannin content. Cassia auriculata demonstrates consistent strong scavenging action in both DPPH and ABTS assays. Alternanthera sessilis, Cassia auriculata, and Celastrus paniculatus show significant efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa during antimicrobial testing. Conclusion: This investigation establishes correlations between the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial/antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extracts from Indian medicinal plants. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the medicinal properties of these plants and underscore the potential of Cassia auriculata and Celastrus paniculatus extracts as natural antioxidants. Such insights hold promise for future advancements in medicinal research and the development of pharmaceuticals derived from natural sources.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cassia auriculata, DPPH, MIC.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.52}, author = {Tripathy Amrutanand S and Manoj Madanahalli Ramesh and Annegowda Hardur Venkatappa} } @article {1263, title = {Standardization of Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum Using Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and HPTLC Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {531-539}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Background: Siddha system of medicine is considered to be foremost among other systems of medicine. Many medicines are available in traditional systems for all kind of diseases. Most people show their interest towards Siddha medicine for non-communicable diseases especially for diabetes, hypertension, etc., Poly herbal formulations like Avarai kudineer has been authorized for prescription for Madhumegam. Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum (MKC) is one such medicine which has been found efficacious in Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus). The current study is aimed at standardizing MKC employing pharmacognostic and chemical analyses with the aim of developing standards for quality control of this important medicine of Siddha. Materials and Methods: MKC was analyzed for pharmacognostic, physiochemical and HPTLC standards following standard procedures mentioned in Pharmacopoeias. Results: Macroscopy, powder microscopy was matched with the characters of these ingredients as reported in pharmacopoeias. The physicochemical standards were correlated with standards. TLC of MKC showed 10 spots under UV 254 nm, 13 spots under UV 366 nm and after spray with 5\% vanillin sulphuric acid solution. Conclusion: The reported results will be supportive for standardization and future studies of MKC.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kudineer chooranum, Madhumegam, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.63}, author = {Rajamanickam Baskar and Govindaraju Bharathkumar and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Ramachandran Shakila and Manekshah Yovas Rajammal and Sikkal Selvaraaju Selvapriya and Thangarasu Hema Devi} } @article {1249, title = {Unveiled the Pharmacological Attributes of Pupalia lappacea: An Unexplored Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {449-456}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {449}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pupalia lappacea which is commonly referred to as forest burr found everywhere in the world. In this review article, we will discuss the traditional use and photochemistry of plants. Its traditional uses have been investigated by various scientists whose results came out to be effective against various diseases. Pupalia lappacea consists of various phytochemicals named stearic acid, stigmasterol, formic acid, 1-methyl ethyl ester, etc. In vitro and in vivo studies that have been investigated thus far prove that this plant posse{\textquoteright}s great therapeutic potential including anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-nociceptive and anti-pyretic, anti-plasmodium, anti-hypolipidemic, antidiabetic activity which can be further explored for its clinical utility. Materials and Methods: This article comprises data from a research article published on various search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, etc., Data is also collected via textbooks, reference books, review papers and ancient texts. Objectives: This review aims to gather all updated pharmacological investigations that have been done on Pupalia lappacea together. In short, the main aim was to provide an updated review of Pupalia lappacea to the researchers who further want to explore its potency and efficacy. Results: All the documents related to the plant were studied thoroughly and it was concluded that this plant possesses a great therapeutic potential and can be clinically explored.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Phytoconstituent, Pupalia lappacea}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.54}, author = {Poonam Dorata and Harsh Goswami and Pooja and Tarun Kumar and Manisha Pandey} } @article {1200, title = {Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Properties of an Ethnobotanical Herb Cotula anthemoides L. Occurring in Purulia District of West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {51-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Since antiquity, traditional healers use herbs for the treatment of various ailments. Cotula anthemoides L., an ethnobotanical herb, widely used by traditional healers of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the treatment of skin ailments. Plants contain broad range of bioactive constituents which is mainly responsible for its versatile properties. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to analyze the phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Aerial Part (AP) and underground Root Part (RT) of C. anthemoides. Materials and Methods: Total Phenol (TPC) and Flavonoid Contents (TFC) were estimated against Gallic acid and Quercetin. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antibacterial properties were examined by well-diffusion method. Secondary metabolites and fatty acids were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. Results: Both aerial and root part exhibited effective zone of inhibition against gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus and gram {\textendash}ve Escherichia coli bacteria. There is a positive correlation between total phenol and flavonoid content with free radical scavenging properties. Aerial part contains comparatively higher concentration of phenolic compounds which is verified by assessment of DPPH antioxidant properties. HPLC and LC-MS study revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenol alcohols and flavonoids. The FA analysis identified the presence of saturated FAs in the range of C12 to C26 and unsaturated FAs of C16, C18, C20 and C22. Conclusion: Definite range of phenolic compounds beside with other bio active constituents in the herb keep up the ethnobotanical status done by local healers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, Cotula anthemoides, Fatty acids., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.7}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Rajani Kanta Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda} } @article {1161, title = {Evaluation of Protective Effects of Polyphenols of the Marine Brown Alga Ecklonia cava against Potassium Bromate Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {544-550}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {544}, abstract = {

Background: Ecklonia cava is a kelp (brown algae) genus belonging to Lessoniaceae with plenty of Eckol-type phlorotannins. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. Objectives: This study investigated Ecklonia cava (EC) polyphenols for their protective effects against KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic fraction was isolated from EC. Group, I was control (untreated), and group II was administered KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) intragastric for four weeks. Group III was administered ECPP (200 mg/kg b.w) concurrently with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally, and Group VI was administered Rutin (100 mg/ kg b.w) along with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally. The protective effects of ECPP on KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats were assessed for the biochemical parameters of serum, various antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological changes in kidneys. Results: The level of serum of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine was suggestively augmented (p\<0.001) when treated by KBrO3. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) were diminished (p\<0.001). At the same time, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide were raised (p\<0.001) with KBrO3 treatment in the kidneys. In addition, the protein carbonyl level was amplified (p\<0.001) with KBrO3 administration. Histological studies presented renal damage in KBrO3-treated animals where tissue injury was abridged in ECPP pretreatment groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that ECPP functions as an antioxidant in vivo by scavenging reactive oxygen species, which helps preclude oxidative renal injury in rats treated with KBrO3.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ecklonia cava, Nephroproductive activity, Polyphenols, Potassium bromate.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.057}, author = {Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan and Suman Samaddar and Hariprasad MG and Sumaia Abdulbari Ahmed Ali Hard and Gitima Deka and Anyembe Godfrey} } @article {1105, title = {Formulation and in-vitro Antidiabetic Assessment of Plumbago zeylanica Root Extract Containing Tablet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {56-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

The plant processed herbal formulation have significant role in drug discovery, same time phytoconstituents have high pharmacological potential to treat the various ailments such as diabetes or chronic hyperglycemia. The present research aims to explore and investigate the antidiabetic potential of roots of hyperglycemia Linn. During the study pharmacognosy and formulation of herbal tablet has been done. Fresh roots of plant were collected, two enzymes named as alpha-Amylase and alpha-Glucosidase were obtained from Sigma Aldric. Extraction and fractionation along with phytochemical screening was performed Herbal tablets were made using the direct compression method. The n-butanol fraction of plant extract was mixed with the excipients and compressed into tablets. Different batches of formulations were prepared by dry granulation technique. The maximum in vitro dissolution was found to be with formulation F2 that exhibit the extreme proportion of accumulative release of drug (93.96\%) due to the optimized concentration of PVP and Chitosan and the formulations F2 has potent Antidiabetic Activity and also have antioxidant potential that was performed in this study. Plant extract has been used to formulate herbal tablets. From all five batches of tablets one batch (F2) was found to be best formulation and this was used to investigate the Antidiabetic activity as well as antioxidant activity also. The plants have potential to treat hormonal disorders also hence it can be used to treat the endocrine metabolic disorders.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Chitosan, Endocrine, Hyperglycemia, in vitro, n-butanol., α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/097484900211}, author = {Aakash Partap Singh and Sunil Kumar and Manjusha Chudhary and Dinesh Kumar and Beena Kumari and Bhuwanendra Singh and Renu and Manish Kumar} } @article {1189, title = {Hepatoprotective Assessment of Copper Calx against Anti-Tubercular Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Background: Anti-Tubercular Drugs (ATDs), while effective in treating tuberculosis, are associated with hepatotoxicity, leading to liver damage and complications. Calx of Copper, a traditional Ayurvedic preparation, has shown potential hepatoprotective properties. Objectives: To investigate the potential hepatoprotective role of Calx of Copper in mitigating ATD-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine its impact on liver function markers and histopathological changes in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=6 per group): control, ATD, Calx of Copper, ATD+Calx of Copper, and silymarin (used as a standard hepatoprotective agent). Hepatotoxicity was induced in the ATD, ATD+Calx of Copper, and silymarin groups by administering a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide for 25 days. Calx of Copper and silymarin were orally administered at doses of 6.17 mg/kg and 12.33 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg b.w, respectively, in their respective groups. Liver function markers, including serum transaminase and alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), were measured at the end of the study. A histopathological examination of liver tissues was also performed. Results: ATDinduced hepatotoxicity was evident through elevated serum SGPT, SGOT, ALT, and ALP levels and histopathological alterations in liver tissue. Co-administration of Calx of Copper significantly reduced SGPT, SGOT, ALT, and ALP (p\<0.05) and improved liver histopathological changes compared to the ATD group. The hepatoprotective effect of Calx of Copper was comparable to that of silymarin. Conclusion: Copper calx demonstrated significant hepatoprotective activity against ATD-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, as evidenced by normalizing liver function markers and histopathological improvements. These findings suggest that Calx of Copper may be a promising adjuvant therapy for mitigating liver damage associated with anti-tubercular drug treatment.

}, keywords = {Anti-Tubercular, Antioxidant, Copper Calx, Hepatotoxicity, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.085}, author = {Mohammad Sharique and Hariprasad M.G and Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan and Ashish Jain and Shambhavi S and Mamatha A and Niranjana} } @article {1143, title = {HPLC-DAD Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic and Anti-quorum Sensing Properties of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) and Kolanut (Cola acuminata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {373-383}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Background: Eating Cola acuminata and Garcinia cola nuts in African societies symbolizes in socio-cultural hospitality. They stimulate the nervous system, reduce fatigue and sleep. Objectives: To determine the phenolic composition and bioactivities of G. kola and C. acuminata. Materials and Methods: Hydro-ethanol extracts of the nuts were prepared and their phenolic profiles determined using HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties were determined. Results: The most abundant phenolic compound was caffeic acid (105.4{\textpm}0.75 mg/g) in C. acuminata and myricetin (277.2{\textpm}0.90 mg/g) in G. kola. The extracts showed good antioxidant activity in five complementary assays and G. kola was more active than both α-tocopherol and BHA standards in the DPPH{\textbullet}, CUPRAC and ABTS{\textbullet}+ assays while C. acuminata was more active than only the α-tocopherol standard in the same assays. Activities were close to those of standards in the β-Carotene-linoleic acid and metal chelation assays. Both extracts had good inhibition of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values 63.27{\textpm}0.98 μg/mL and 94.15{\textpm}1.05 μg/mL for C. acuminata and G. kola respectively compared to 5.50{\textpm}0.25 μg/mL for galantamine in the AChE assay. In the BChE assay, the inhibitory activity was higher for G. kola (IC50 = 38.66{\textpm}0.80 μg/ mL) that the standard galantamine (IC50 = 42.20{\textpm}0.48 μg/mL) while that for C. acuminata (IC50 = 87.31{\textpm}0.77 μg/mL) was moderate. The extracts inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with G. kola (IC50=18.43{\textpm}0.74 μg/mL) being more active than standard acarbose (IC50=20.52{\textpm}0.84 μg/mL in the α-glucosidase assay. The nuts could inhibit expression of virulence factors in Chomobacterium violaceum CV12472 by disrupting violacein production and flagellated Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 by disrupting swarming motility. Conclusion: The results indicate good nutraceutical potential of both nuts.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cola acuminata, Garcinia kola, Quorum-sensing inhibition.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.040}, author = {Sameh Boudiba and Selcuk Kucukaydin and Alfred Ngenge Tamfu and Kom Blaise and Aristide Mfifen Munvera and Yasmine Arab and Ozgur Ceylan and Rodica Mihaela Dinica} } @article {1160, title = {In vitro Cytoprotective Activity Study of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pod Husk Ethanolic Extract against Blue Light Irradiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {537-543}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {537}, abstract = {

Background: Blue light exposure has been shown to induce ROS generation and subsequent inflammatory pathways that lead to cell death, in which antioxidants could counteract this effect. Although regarded as waste, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pod Husk (CPH) possesses a high polyphenolic contents, which could serve as antioxidants. Objectives: To characterize CPH ethanolic extract based on its antioxidant capacity and observe the cytoprotective ability of CPH in vitro upon blue light exposure. Materials and Methods: CPH ethanolic extract was characterized through total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and three antioxidant assays, then treated on HaCaT cells, in which cell viability was measured through MTS assay. Results: CPH extract showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and high antioxidant capacity through DPPH and FRAP assay. CPH extract started to exert cytotoxicity from concentrations of 400 μg/mL and above, while 100 μg/mL and above in AA. Furthermore, CPH extract showed significant cytoprotective effect at 50 μg/mL at 11.92 {\textpm} 0.83\% cell viability increase, wherein AA failed to protect HaCaT cells at the same concentration at 15.79 {\textpm} 0.72\% cell viability decrease. Conclusion: CPH could serve as an alternative as blue light protection agent as it was safe to be used at higher concentrations and was able to protect HaCaT cells from blue light irradiation better than AA.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Blue light, Cell Culture, Cocoa pod husk, Cocoa pod husk cytoprotectivity against bluelight., HaCaT}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.056}, author = {Shakila Angjaya Adiyanto and Erika Chriscensia and Elizabeth Chrestella Wibowo and Joshua Nathanael and Audrey Amira Crystalia and Agus Budiawan Naro Putra and Gunawan Priadi and Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi and Pietradewi Hartrianti} } @article {1186, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Extract on Fructose-induced Glycated Hemoglobin and Aggregation in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {776-784}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {776}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is a prominent inducer for free radical production which results in non-enzymatic protein glycation that cause the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and deleterious health-related issues. Since ancient times, people have consumed mushrooms as food and as a form of folk medicine. Mushrooms are becoming more and more popular due to their medicinal and nutritional advantages. Pleurotus ostreatus has considerable antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals and is helpful to offer antiglycation activity. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the inhibitory effect of bioassay-guided fractionation of Pleurotus ostreatus on formation of glycated hemoglobin and aggregation of glycated protein in vitro. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoids were determined from the crude extract of P. ostreatus. Antioxidant capability of methanolic crude extract was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) scavenging, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 -sulfonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity. Inhibitory effect of bio-guided fractionations of crude P. ostreatus extract were measured using fructosamine formation, protein carbonyls, aggregation index, and fluorescence intensity. Results: Methanolic extract of P. ostreatus has significantly high levels of phenols (16.89 {\textpm} 1.44 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (9.40 {\textpm} 0.86 mg QE/g). Methanolic extract was found to have excellent antioxidant capacity indicates from IC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging (75.23 {\textpm} 2.32 μg/mL), H2O2 scavenging (96.54 {\textpm} 2.32 μg/mL), and ABTS radical cation (50.33{\textpm} 1.82 μg/mL) scavenging activities. The analysis on fructose induced glycated hemoglobin model revealed that fraction F4 of methanolic extract of P. ostreatus is more potent to inhibit formation of glycated hemoglobin by (58.84 {\textpm} 2.36\%), fructosamine (64.32 {\textpm} 3.74\%) and protein carbonyls (51.35 {\textpm} 2.94\%). It also showed an aggregation index of 46.32 {\textpm}1.05\% and a decline in fluorescence intensity (52.04\%) which are important factor in many pathological processes. Conclusion: The fraction F4 obtained from P. ostreatus can be used for the identification of bioactive compounds that can be further considered as therapeutic agents for AGE-associated pathogenesis.

}, keywords = {Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), Anti-glycation, Antioxidant, HbA1c, Pleurotus ostreatus}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.082}, author = {Dipeksha Macwan and Hiteshkumar Vashrambhai Patel} } @article {1112, title = {Photoprotective Activity of Plants Used for Skin Disorders by the Native Population from the Brazilian Amazon Basin: A Preliminary Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Background: Sunscreens are essential in tropical countries with a high annual incidence of solar radiation. The incorporation of natural products in their formulations has great public acceptance and prevents several issues related to organic and inorganic filters, such as adverse reactions. The present study evaluates the antioxidant and photoprotective activities and the ability to inhibit tyrosinase of three plant species traditionally used by Amazonian inhabitants in the treatment of skin disorders. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity, the capacity to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase, ratio UVA/UVB, critical wavelength, sun protection factor, and cellular viability was assessed in ethanolic extracts at 10\% of Chrysobalanus icaco, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Ayapana triplinervis collected in the State of Para-Brazil. Results: Chrysobalanus icaco and Kalanchoe pinnata showed promising antioxidant activity. Ayapana triplinervis demonstrated considerable inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme. Plants extracts had low protection against UVB radiation, but adequate UVA protection. Ayapana triplinervis presented the lowest cellular viability of keratinocytes and murine fibroblasts. Conclusion: The addition of these extracts to other natural products with high sun protection factors can provide the consumer with a natural sunscreen.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayapana triplinervis, Chrysobalanus icaco, Depigmenting agent, Kalanchoe pinnata, Photoprotection, Skin disorders}, doi = {10.5530/097484900267}, author = {Thiago Portal and Margarete Tavares and Marcieni Ataide and Nadia Rezende Barbosa and Joseane R da Silva and Waldiney Pires Moraes and Jose Luiz Vieira} } @article {1113, title = {Physicochemical, Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Terminalia catappa Kernel Oil in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia catappa Linn. is an ornamental tree belonging to the family Combretaceae. This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity profile and antioxidant activity of the oil. Materials and Methods: Oral acute and sub-acute toxicity were studied in mice using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH free radical. Results: Terminalia catappa seed oil demonstrated antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radical with IC50 of 1.425 mg/mL while tannic acid (standard) was 5.005 mg/mL. The oral LD50 of the oil in mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity study, produced no significant difference in the weight and biochemical parameters in treated animals compared to the control. Conclusion: The oil was also non-toxic to the liver, kidney, heart and lungs on histopathological examination. Our results indicated that Terminalia catappa seed oil is not toxic and contains beneficial phytochemical that demonstrated antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemical, Terminalia catappa, Toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900304}, author = {Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu and Chinenye Jane Ugwah-Oguejiofor and G{\"o}ksu Oduncuo{\u g}lu and Solomon Gamde Matthias} } @article {1142, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Irvingia gabonensis Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {363-372}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {363}, abstract = {

Background: Irvingia gabonensis extracts are documented to possess antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, and antioxidant activities. The phytochemical components of medicinal plants are responsible for their therapeutic properties, particularly those with antioxidant properties. Objectives: The quantitative phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis stem bark were assessed in this study. Materials and Methods: Standard techniques were used to measure the concentrations of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins in water and alcohol extracts of this plant. Total Antioxidant Power (TAP) and the extract{\textquoteright}s capacity to scavenge free radicals including superoxide, nitric oxide, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzoth iazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), β-carotene, and hydrogen peroxide were also evaluated. The extracts{\textquoteright} Ferric-Reducing Potential (FRAP) was also assessed. Results: The alcohol extract had significantly (P \< 0.05) higher concentrations of all the phytochemicals measured as well as near significantly (P \<0.066) higher TAP in comparison to the aqueous extracts. In general, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the ethanol extract surpassed that of the water extract. The ethanol extract had IC50 values that were comparable to or less than the reference standards for its ability to neutralize nitric oxide, H2O2, superoxide, and DPPH radicals. Conclusion: The outcomes of the quantitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of I. gabonensis stem bark clearly show their potential as an excellent reservoir of bioactive compounds and scavengers of deleterious oxidants; properties that could be explored therapeutically.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Free radicals, in vitro., Irvingia gabonensis, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.039}, author = {Catherine Otitolaiye and Akhere Omonkhua and Kelly Oriakhi and Edward Okello and Iyere Onoagbe and Friday Okonofua} } @article {1139, title = {Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Trace Element Analysis of Hypericum japonicum Thunb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {338-346}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Plants possess various bioactive compounds with many biological activities. Antioxidant plays vital roles in initiating deleterious free scavenging radical reactions. Objectives: The present study was done to determine the presence of phytochemical properties of the plant along with its antioxidant analysis of four solvent fractions (hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) from Hypericum japonicum. Furthermore, five heavy metals- Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr were analyzed. Materials and Methods: All the experiments for phytochemical and antioxidants of different solvent extracts were investigated following standard protocols. The heavy metal content was analyzed using spectroscopy method. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that almost all the phytochemicals were present on one or other solvents. The carbohydrate and protein content was highest in hexane and ethyl acetate extract. Ethyl acetate showed highest phenol content while diethyl ether showed highest in flavonoid content. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract showed strongest antioxidant activity. Heavy metals were found in very negligible amounts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that H. japonicum might have the potential to be a good source of phytochemicals and antioxidants. Further studies are required to analyze the pharmacological properties of the plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Heavy metal, Hypericum japonicum, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.036}, author = {Mritunjoy Kumar Roy and Ananta Swargiary} } @article {1188, title = {Phytochemical Screening, in vitro Anti-bacterial, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Solanum virginianum L. Aerial Vegetative Parts Extracted in Four Solvents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum virginianum is a key component of Ayurveda{\textquoteright}s "Dasmul Asava," used to treat inflammation, respiratory, and gastric problems. Being a repository of countless bioactive compounds, the plant is well known for its traditional medicinal value. Modern pharmacological properties like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory have also claimed its traditional uses. Objectives: The current research was designed to perform a comparative assessment of in vitro anti-bacterial, and antioxidant potential as well as the phytoconstituents make up of plant extracts prepared in four solvents. Materials and Methods: Freshly prepared plant extracts were subjected to standard qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening protocols to identify significant phytocompounds. Different functional groups and chemical entities in plant extracts, were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. Anti-bacterial potential was assessed using disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assay. DPPH decolorization assay was adopted to determine free radical scavenging potential of plant extracts. Results: Methanolic plant extract exhibited highest number of total phenols and flavonoids. Plant extracts were also found to be effective against some ampicillin-resistant bacterial strains. Methanolic extract showed highest DPPH scavenging ability comparable to ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Although all plant extracts were endowed with good antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity but methanolic extract was found to be more potent free radical scavenger and anti-bacterial agent as it possessed appreciable levels of phenols and flavonoids. The current research could facilitate researchers to identify and isolate new bioactive compounds of medicinal importance and their predicted mode of action against various biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, FTIR, Phytochemical, Solanum virginianum}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.084}, author = {Preety Rohilla and Ashmita Chhikara and Pushpa Dahiya} } @article {1183, title = {Phyto-mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Afrohybanthus travancoricus Leaf Aqueous Extract and Screening of their in vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-diabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {751-760}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

Aim: There are many uses for silver nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine due to their exceptional properties. A major application of silver nanoparticles is the increase of antibiotics that are clinically helpful against microbes and drug-resistant bacteria. However, environmentally friendly methods for their synthesis must be developed. Objectives: Current study, the major objective of this research is concentrated on to suggest an easy and well-organized biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by confirmed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. The ATSNPs (Afrohybanthus travancoricus silver nanoparticles) was biosynthesized with A. travancoricus plant like capping and reducing agent. Materials and Methods: The ATSNPs aqueous extract were mixed by water extract of 1mM AgNO3 solution led to appearance of greenish brown to dark brown colour indicates the synthesis of SNPs. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and EDX analysis. Antioxidant assay was tested through DPPH and ABTS+ assays, anti-inflammatory assay through albumin denaturation and antidiabetic assay by α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Results: A colour change of solution from dark brown to light brown, absorption peak of ATSNPs as 290 to 300 nm in UV-vis spectroscopy. ATSNPs showed 6 intense peaks in FTIR analysis and functional groups like phenols, alcohols, 1{\textdegree} amines, alkynes, aliphatic amines, aromatics, and alkyl halides were identified. In XRD analysis showed 5 intense peaks at 20.8{\textdegree}, 30.3{\textdegree}, 40.1{\textdegree}, 40.9{\textdegree}, 60{\textdegree}. The EDX analysis the presence of Ag at 3 kev and SEM analysis showed the size of ATSNPs ranges between 88 μm {\textendash} 242 μm. Antioxidant activity was observed the dose dependent manner in both assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of ATSNPs proved maximum inhibition through egg albumin denaturation. Antidiabetic activity exhibits maximum inhibition percentage of α-amylase and α- glucosidase at 10 μg/mL. The lowest IC50 value was noted in α amylase (170 μg/mL) and α glucosidase (134 μg/mL). Conclusion: The obtained results recommended that using ATSNPs, it is likely to represented silver nanoparticles with controlled characteristics and important pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Afrohybanthus travancoricus, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.079}, author = {Balrajmani Davidson Raja and Devaraj Sathiya Sheela and Elumalai Shanthi Priya and Ammasaikutty Vanitha and Kandasamy Kalimuthu and Periannan Viswanathan} } @article {1017, title = {Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Activities of the Aerial Parts of Caralluma dalzielii N. E. Brown}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {82-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Caralluma dalzielii N.E. Brown is commonly referred to as {\textquotedblleft}Karan massalanci{\textquotedblright} in the Northwest Nigeria where it is used in treating several ailments including pain, diarrhea and stomach issues. Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities of aqueous aerial parts extract of Caralluma dalzielii. Materials and Methods: The aqueous aerial parts extract of Caralluma dalzielii (CDE) (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated for antidiarrheal properties against gastrointestinal motility, castor oil-induced and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) enteropooling models in Wistar rats. Its antioxidant properties were studied by determining the total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, its free radical scavenging activity using 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using potassium ferrocyanide ferric chloride methods. Ascorbic acid was used as the reference. Spasmolytic effect was studied in isolated rabbit jejunum preparations in an organ bath experiment using acetylcholine (ACh). Results: CDE significantly (p\<0.05) reduced gastrointestinal transit of charcoal meal and the total number of diarrheal feces in the animals. The total phenolic content was determined to be 36.67{\textpm}3.33 mg GAE/g. IC50 value of 63.44 mg/mL was calculated in DPPH assay. The FRAP value was found to increase as the concentration of the extract increased. CDE inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of the rabbit jejunum in a concentration dependent manner with complete inhibition at 20.48 mg/mL of the extract. Conclusion: The extract of Caralluma dalzielii possesses antidiarrheal activities which may be related to its antimotility, antioxidant and antispasmodic properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antispasmodic, Caralluma dalzielii, Gastrointestinal motility, Rabbit jejunum.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.12}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres14112.html}, author = {Chinenye J. Ugwah-Oguejiofor and Halilu E. Mshelia and Junaidu Bello and Isah Inuwa and Abdullahi Sulaiman} } @article {1077, title = {A Current Pharmacological Impacts and Perspective of Hybanthus enneaspermus (Linn.) F. Muell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {342-349}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Medicine relies heavily on the use of medicinal plants. In terms of their pharmacology, they showed a broad spectrum of traits. All but a few of the medicinal plants in India are naturally rich in chemicals. An infinite number of potent phytochemicals can be synthesised by these plants. It is a tropical and subtropical shrub of the Hybanthus enneaspermus (L) famuell family. Asthma, cough, and epilepsy are all treated with the herb in ayurvedic literature as side effects of its usage. For steroids, sugars, alkaloids, polyphenols, catechins, tannins, anthraquinones, and amino acids, phytochemical analysis of Hybanthus enneaspermus achieved good quality. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and glycosides are only some of the many phytochemical elements found in the plant. We examined the plant{\textquoteright}s phytopharmacological properties, including as anti-microbial and antioxidant properties as well as its effects on diabetes and arthritic conditions. We also looked at its anti-allergic and anti-convulsant properties. The active chemicals extracted from this valued herb have the potential to be used in drug development research because of the plant{\textquoteright}s wide range of pharmacological activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-allergic, Anti-arthritic, Anti-convulsant, Anti-diabetic, Anti-fertility, Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Hybanthus enneaspermus}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.51}, author = {Ananthapalpu Krishnan Nadar Ramya and Rengasamy Devika} } @article {1064, title = {In vitro Screening for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of 3,5-Bis(E-thienylmethylene) piperidin-4-one, a Curcumin Analogue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {276-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Background: Curcumin is a naturally occurring bis-chalcone derivative in the commonly used Indian spice turmeric and is well-known for its potent chemopreventive, anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer properties. 3,5-bis[(E)-thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP) is the newly synthesised synthetic analogue of curcumin that is tested for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in vitro. Objectives: This study was to determine the antioxidant activity and antibacterial potentials of newly synthesised analogues of curcumin viz., 3,5-bis[(E)- thienylmethylene] piperidin-4-one (BTMP), was examined in vitro. Materials and Methods: BTMP was evaluated for its antioxidant and antimicrobial using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH{\textbullet}) radical scavenging assay, 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS{\textbullet}+), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay (O2{\textbullet}-), hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing ability assay, metal ion chelating and phosphomolybdenum assays. Results: 40μg/ml of BTMP showed higher antioxidant activity than the other three doses due to its highest free radical scavenging ability at this particular dose. All doses of BTMP showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. 40μg/ml of BTMP showed the highest zone of inhibition against both tested pathogens. Conclusion: The introduction of basic functionality and the presence of exocyclic double bonds of BTMP has significantly contributed to the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curcumin, DPPH, Reducing ability}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.40}, author = {Jayaseelan Nivedha and Kaliyamoorthi Kanimozhi and Subashchandrabose Olikkavi and T. Vidhyasagar and Natesan Vijayakumar and Chinnaiyan Uma and K. Rajeswari and Lakshmanan Vennila} } @article {1055, title = {Tinospora cordifolia Stem Extract-mediated Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and its Biological Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {289-296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Background: According to a literature review Tinospora cordifolia possess alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids with anti-cancer potential. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from the stem of T. cordifolia and its biological activities. Objectives: This study is intended to synthesize Selenium Nanoparticles using T. cordifolia stem extract, characterise them, and evaluate them in-vitro for antioxidant and anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: The T. cordifolia Selenium Nanoparticles (TC-SeNPs) were synthesised by reducing selenious acid with T. cordifolia stem extract. TC-SeNPs were characterized by UV{\textendash}Vis, FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDAX and ICP-AES, further evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging test and reducing power capacity. The MTT assay of TC-SeNP was carried out in-vitro in the human breast cancer cells line (MCF-7) to determine the anticancer activity. Results: The UV-spectroscopy of TC-SeNPs showed maximum absorbance at 285 nm, which is the characteristic feature of SeNP. According to DLS, SEM, and TEM images, the size of TC-SeNPs was between 100-200 nm and was stable with a Zeta potential of -23.9mV. XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of TC-SeNPs. Selenium in TC-SeNP was verified in EDAX analysis (63.36\% weight) and ICP-AES 68.08 {\textpm}12.2 μg/ml selenium content. The IC50 value 28.62 {\textpm} 0.63 μg/mL and EC50 (62.50 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) values indicated that the TC-SeNPs possess significant antioxidant capacity. MTT assay showed TC-SeNPs were cytotoxic to MCF-7 cell with IC50 values (31.29 {\textpm} 0.22μg/mL), suggesting that TC-SeNPs display moderate cytotoxicity that could dose-dependently inhibit cell proliferation. Conclusion: Thus, experimental evidence provides insight into the successful synthesis of the selenium nanoparticle from the stem of T. cordifolia, its potential therapeutic value, and the prospect of developing an anti-cancer TC-SeNPs formulation.

}, keywords = {anticancer, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, Phytonanoparticles, Selenium nanoparticles, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.42}, author = {Abhijeet Puri and Swati Patil} } @article {120, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Dioecious Morus alba (Moraceae) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research,}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {April 2021}, pages = {13-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Background:\ Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a serious metabolic disorder affecting large populations worldwide. Mulberry food and supplement products known for their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties are commonly used in Asian and other countries.\ Objectives:\ The present study investigated for the first time the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of dioecious (male and female) mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae) extracts from leaf and stem tissues collected in two different seasons.\ Materials and Methods:In vitro\ α-amylase, α-glucosidase, polyphenol content analyses, and free radical scavenging activities were performed.\ Results:\ All extracts showed higher inhibition of α-glucosidase than α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Fall female stem, fall male stem, and fall female leaf extracts exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Fall male and fall female leaf extracts showed the highest ferric reducing activity. 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were more potent for all extracts compared to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities were induced by fall male leaf extracts. Spring extracts contained more phenolics and fall extracts more proanthocyanidins. Correlations between IC50\ values of extracts used\ in vitro\ antidiabetic and antioxidant activities and polyphenol chemical classes were both positive and negative. In general, male extracts were more potent in their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than female extracts.\ Conclusion:\ Overall, results showed that growing season, sex and organ of mulberry trees influence antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts, knowledge that could be used in formulating effective dietary supplements for treating diabetes, and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Dioecious, Flavonoids, Mulberry, Phenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_103_20}, author = {Paramita Basu and Charitha Thallapareddy and Camelia Maier} } @article {211, title = {Antihypertensive Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Azadirachta indica is Mediated through Suppression of Renal Caspase 3 Expressions on Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {460-465}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {460}, abstract = {

Background: Azadirachta indica (AI) Adr Juss (Meliaceae), known as neem, has been used traditionally for the treatment of various disease conditions including obesity and hypertension. Objective: The antihypertensive effect and mechanism of action of modulatory effect of AI were investigated after the induction of hypertension using Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Materials and Methods: Five groups of ten rats divided as follows: Control; L-NAME (40 mg/kg); L-NAME + 100 mg/kg AI; L-NAME and 200 mg/kg AI; and L-NAME and Enalapril (25 mg/kg) were used. Results: following the application of L-NAME, hypertension (elevated systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressures) and increased levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in rats. Immunohistochemistry showed increased caspase-3 expressions in hypertensive rats compared to normotensive rats. Conversely, AI treatment resulted in restoration of physiological antioxidant status and normotension, comparable to the standard antihypertensive agent enalapril. Conclusion: AI leaf is a good candidate for the management of high blood pressure.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Apoptosis, Azadirachta indica, Hypertension, Oxidative stress, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_10_20}, author = {Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale and Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi and Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi and Fisayo Ugbor and Ebunoluwa Racheal Asenuga and Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade and Jeremiah Moyinoluwa Afolabi and Blessing Seun Ogunpolu and Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi and Idayat Titilayo Gbadamos and Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies and Adebowale Bernard Saba and Anofi Ashafa and Momoh Audu Yakubu and Adeolu Alex Adedapo and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju} } @article {102, title = {Banisterine Alleviates Morphine-based Nephrotoxicity by Antioxidant Property: An In vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {137-142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {137}, abstract = {

Background: Banisterine (BAN) as an alkaloid agent has antioxidant properties. The morphine (MOR) with the character of free radical generation has an effective role on renal pathogenesis. Objectives: This investigation critically examines the effects of the BAN against MOR-induced damage to the kidneys of rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assorted into 8 groups (8 rats in each), including the saline (Sal), MOR, BAN (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) and MOR + BAN treatment groups. All experimental procedures were applied by intraperitoneal injection daily for 20 days. Whole investigated values consist of total animal weight, weight of kidney, morphological criteria of kidney, antioxidant capacity and serum nitrite oxide levels. Results: Intraperitoneally MOR application significantly increased the levels of renal Malondialdehyde (MDA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine, and blood nitrite oxide and also reduced the glomerular number and tissue ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) level compared to the Sal control group (P \< 0.05). Treatment of BAN and BAN + MOR in all doses significantly reduced the levels of BUN, MDA, creatinine, glomerular diameter, and nitrite oxide and also increased the glomerular number and tissue FRAP levels compared to the MOR group (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The findings support the idea that the BAN with its antioxidant nature can eliminate MOR renal toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Banisterine, in vivo, Morphine, Nephrotoxicity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_97_19 }, author = {Mohammad Reza Salahshoor and Cyrus Jalili and Amir Abdolmaleki and Shiva Roshankhah} } @article {168, title = {Chemical Analysis and Biological Potentials of Extracts from Colpomenia sinuosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Background: Colpomenia sinuosa is a brown alga rich in molecules of pharmacological, nutraceutical, and functional properties. Despite its therapeutic potentials, this alga is poorly studied in this area of the Mediterranean. Objectives: The study objective was to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological potentials of different extracts of the brown seaweed C. sinuosa. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts and fractions were obtained by different types of solvent extractions. Proximal analysis was adopted to reveal the ash content. Protein and carbohydrate contents were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method and Lowry and Bradford methods, respectively. The mineral content was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, where the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu reagent, antioxidant properties by radical scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by albumin denaturation test. Results: Proximal analysis revealed high levels of total ash content (20.03 {\textpm} 0.79\%), protein content (10.77 {\textpm} 0.18\%), total lipids (4.35 {\textpm} 0.212\%), and total carbohydrates (40.367 {\textpm} 0.421\%). Magnesium concentration (16.79 {\textpm} 0.721 mg/g) was highest among macro minerals. The TPC of fractions and extracts ranged from 17.78 {\textpm} 0.092 to 39.02 {\textpm} 0.199 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. The highest scavenging activity reached 84.1\% {\textpm} 0.83 at 750 μg/mL. Maximal anti-inflammatory activity was noted in aqueous extract (59.38 {\textpm} 4.35 μg/mL). Conclusion: This significant scavenging activity increased in polar extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The aqueous extracts showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and highest albumin denaturation inhibition, whereas the highest bactericidal activity was found in the methanolic extracts. Our results represent the first report on Lebanese C. sinuosa extract as a promising source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Biochemical analysis, Phaeophyta}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_91_19}, author = {Reem Monal Al Monla and Zeina T Dassouki and Hala Gali-Muhtasib and Hiba R Mawlawi} } @article {95, title = {Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anticholine Esterase Activities of Essential Oil of Xylopia aethiopica Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Background: Xylopia aethiopica is well known to treat neurodegenerative diseases in traditional medicine and there is no scientific evidence for this claim. Objective: The current research aimed at investigating chemical characterization, antioxidant, and anticholine esterase activity of the essential oil from X. aethiopica. Materials and Methods: Essential oil extraction was carried out by the use of the steam distillation method in a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil from seeds of X. aethiopica (African pepper) was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its potentials as antioxidant and anticholine esterase were evaluated for the first time. Results: The oil yield was 5.2\% (v/w) in X. aethiopica. The GC-MS analysis identified a total of 52 compounds corresponding to 100\% of the total oil in X. aethiopica. The major constituents of X. aethiopica essential oil are terpinen-4-ol (11.88\%), α-terpineol (5.93\%), cyclohexane methanol (4.79\%), and β-copaene (4.74\%). The most abundant classes of compounds from the essential oil were oxygenated monoterpenes (MT) which amounted to (37.6\%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (29.61\%), sesquiterpenes (14.67\%), oxygenated diterpenes (9.05\%), nonterpenoid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (4.81\%), diterpenes (3.8\%), and MT (0.47\%) of all the identified constituents. A significant antioxidant (IC50 value of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl = 2.19 {\textpm} 0.09 mg/mL) and anticholine esterase activity (IC50 = 1.21 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/mL) was obtained for the essential oil of X. aethiopica. Conclusion: The study established the chemical composition, antioxidant, and anticholine esterase activities of the essential oil of the plant seeds.

}, keywords = {Anticholineesterase, Antioxidant, Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Xylopia aethiopica}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_47_19}, author = {Lateef Adegboyega Sulaimon and Rahmat Adetutu Adisa and Efereo Martins Obuotor and Modinat Olasunkanmi Lawal and Abdullahi I Moshood and Nura H Muhammad} } @article {175, title = {Cholinergic-Enhancing and Antioxidant Effect of Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae) Landrace Aqueous Extract on Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Male Swiss Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {303-312}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {303}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, no drug effectively curbs down the progression of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD), and thus early prevention is important. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of the aqueous extract of Vigna subterranea seed landrace on amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice. Materials and Methods: V. subterranea aqueous extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) was administered by gavage for 9 consecutive days and memory impairment was induced by repeated intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg). The Y-maze (YM), Morris water maze (MWM), novel object recognition paradigm (NOR), and the T maze{\texttrademark} were used to assess learning, memory, and retention. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and acetyclcholine esterase activity were also evaluated in the mouse hippocampi homogenates. Results: V. subterranea aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of spontaneous alternation in the YM task and decreased escape latency in the MWM. Moreover, this dose brought about a significant improvement in the time spent in the preferred TM arm and discrimination index in the NOR tasks despite repeated scopolamine injection. Additionally, low acetylcholine esterase levels, reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA), but increased antioxidant enzyme (CAT and SOD) activity were observed in hippocampi homogenate of mice pretreated with the extract. A protective action against hippocampal cell damage was also evident. Conclusion: This finding suggests that the aqueous extract of V. subterranea seed landrace may improve learning and memory.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine esterase, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Antioxidant, Memory impairment, Scopolamine, Vigna subterranean}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_62_19}, author = {Herv{\'e} Herv{\'e} Ngatanko Abaissou and Harquin Simplice Foyet and Eglantine Keugong Wado and Balbine Kamleu Nkwingwa and Jorelle Linda Damo Kamda and Lea Blondelle Kenko Djomessie and Alin Ciobica and Elisabeth Ngo Bum} } @article {171, title = {Comparative Botanical and Phytochemical Studies of Ambiguous Medicinal Plant Species of Wedelia and Eclipta (Fam. Asteraceae) Used in ASU Systems of Medicine with Special Reference to in-silico Screening of Hepatoprotective Potential of Marker Wedelolacto}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {285-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Context: In traditional medicine, Kesaraja (Ayurveda) or Manjal karisali (Siddha) is effective for jaundice. Aim: Three species of Asteraceae need to be studied for their therapeutic superiority of their intended claim. They are Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae). The present study aimed to screen and characterize the potential species for therapeutic purpose. Materials and Methods: The whole plants, W. chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp J., W. trilobata (L.) Hitchc. and Eclipta prostrata (L.) (Asteraceae) were collected and botanically identified. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography finger printing with marker wedelolactone were done for the ethanolic extracts of these plants. Botanical and pharmacognostical diagnostic characters of the plants based on macro-morphological, micro-morphological and powder microscopical characterization were worked out. Comparative in-vitro antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of these plant species was carried out. Using ADMET SAR software, the pharmacokinetics of wedelolactone were predicted. Using Autodock 4.2 software, the binding energy of wedelolactone on targets of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity namely PPAR-α, AMPK, JNK-1, EGFR, Nrf2, ALT, ALP, GGT, CAR, Frizzled receptor, FXR, ERK1, LXR, mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase, p53, mTOR C1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, 5-lipoxygenase, thrombin, UCP1, GSK1, RXR and PXR was predicted. Results: All the three plant species were pharmacognostically and chemically different. W. chinensis was found to possess more antioxidant potential than the other two plants. The marker compound wedelolactone was not detected in W. trilobata. Wedelolactone passed the Lipinski{\textquoteleft}s rule of five, and the docking analysis of wedelolactone confirmed high binding affinity toward PPAR-α, AMPK, Nrf2, CYP2E1, EGFR, JNK1, UCP-2, thrombin, 5-lipoxygenase, mTORC1, RXR, FXR, LXR, Frizzled receptor, GDH and Erk-1. Conclusion: Based on the above observations, we conclude that the presence of marker compound wedelolactone might have attributed the potency of W. chinensis and E. prostrata in counteracting acetaminophen toxicity when compared with W. trilobata.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurveda, Botany, Docking, Eclipta prostrata, High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Macro-morphological, Micro-morphological, Phytochemical, Powder microscopy, Siddha, Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Wedelolactone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_20}, author = {C Arunachalam and R Arunadevi and S Murugammal and N Monika and R Susila and S N Sunil Kumar} } @article {162, title = {Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Potential of Bael Leaf (Aegle marmelos) on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: Aegle marmelos (Bael) is one of the important medicinal plants for curing human diseases. Nevertheless, the information about the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of Bael leaf is not much. Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Bael leaf in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Materials and Methods: Bael leaves extract was prepared by 80\% (v/v) aqueous ethanol and measured for total phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity. The ability of ethanolic Bael leaf extract to inhibit hepatic cancer cells (HepG2 cell) growth was evaluated by determining the percentages of cell viability. The levels of intracellular reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were determined. Results: Bael leaf extract demonstrated the potentiality to inhibit the cancer cell growth with a 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 50 μg/ml and 72 μg/ml after 24 h and 48 h incubated times, respectively. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract were 218.33 {\textpm} 43.81 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract and 33.62 {\textpm} 3.07 mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity/g of dry extract, respectively. At the lowest concentration of Bael leaf extract, it was found that Bael leaf extract shows the antioxidant activity by the ability to lowering the level of ROS and malondialdehyde in HepG2 cell. Conclusion: Bael leaf has a high antioxidant component, which is beneficial and can be developed as new therapeutic uses. However, further studies on the benefits of Bael leaf should be performed for better realizing and effective use soon.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bael, cytotoxicity, Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Malondialdehyde, Reactive-oxygen species}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_15_20}, author = {Kanokwan Kulprachakarn and Sakaewan Ounjaijean and Somdet Srichairatanakool and Duangta Kanjanapothi} } @article {65, title = {Inhibitory Effect on Human Platelet Aggregation, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemicals of Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {47-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka has been traditionally used to treat heart diseases in Vietnam, but there is a lack of scientific evidence. Objectives: This study investigated the inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation, antioxidant activity, and main phytochemicals of fractions from the aerial and rhizome parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Human platelets were prepared and incubated with different fraction doses (0.33, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/mL). Platelet aggregation was triggered by different agonists (adenosine diphosphate [ADP], collagen, and ristocetin). 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were done to test the free-radical scavenging activities. Spectrophotometry assays using Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride were used to determine total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC). The phytochemical screening was also implemented. Results: The n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions from both the rhizome and aerial parts significantly inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and ristocetin-platelet aggregations and decreased significantly the area under the platelet aggregation curve and aggregation velocity in a concentration-dependent manner, but the water fractions did not. The EA fractions showed the strongest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity and highest TPC and TFC. Organic fractions contained variable bioactive compounds: flavonoids, polyphenols, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, steroids, emodols, tannins, and cholesterols. Conclusion: The plant extracts or fractions could be used in the preparation of functional foods or supplements with antioxidant and antiplatelet activity. It is also a good candidate for searching novel bioactive compounds used in pharmaceutical industries for the development of antiplatelet and antioxidant agents to prevent and/or treat heart and oxidative stress-related diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, antiplatelet, Canna warszewiczii (A. Dietr) Nb. Tanaka, Flavonoids, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_72_19}, author = {Le Hong Luyen and Vu Thi Thom and Le Thi Thanh Huong and Duong Thi Ly Huong and Nguyen Thi Van Anh} } @article {97, title = {Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Fraction Isolated from Methanolic Extract of Sapindus laurifolia on Scopolamine Induced Dementia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {119-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Background: Phytotherapy is considered a complementary approach for preventing and treating many diseases. Plants are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites of a wide variety such as saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Sapindus laurifolia (fam: Sapindaceae), well known as soapnuts, are used medicinally as an expectorant, emetic, contraceptive, and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, chlorosis, and migraines. Objective: To isolation of fractions, estimation of total flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo neuroprotective activity of S. laurifolia fruit kernel. Materials and Methods: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity is estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay method. Neuroprotective activity is estimated by scopolamine-induced dementia method. In neuroprotective method, behavioral parameters were checked by escape latency (EL) time (s) by using the Morris water maze, active avoidance testing using elevated plus maze, and neurochemicals such as glutathione, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Cholinesterase were estimated. Results: In scopolamine-induced dementia, increased EL time, active avoidance and neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD and cholinesterase decreased. Whereas standard and Fraction S-treated animals decreased in EL time, active avoidance and increased locomotor activity, neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD, and cholinesterase also increased. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates that methanolic extract of S. laurifolia Fraction A (50 and 100 mg/kg) kernel significantly attenuate scopolamine-induced dementia by improving the learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality, and anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity. Therefore, this Fraction A can be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for controlling neurodegenerative dementia especially Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Yet, advance studies are needed to characterize the active compound(s) and expose the possible mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dementia, Isolation, Neuroprotective, Sapindus}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_50_19}, author = {Nagaraju Bandaru and A Ramu and S Vidhyadhara} } @article {190, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Screening of Begonia grandis Dryand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Begonia grandis Dryand (Family: Begoniaceae) was screened for its phytoconstituents and evaluated for its ethnomedicinal potential as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent. The preliminary phytochemical studies of the B. grandis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, and steroids. Antioxidant effect of the methanolic extract was assessed by DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and hepatoprotective effect by CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract showed significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects at a dose of 400 mg/kg similar to that observed in ascorbic acid and silymarin.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Begonia grandis, Begoniaceae, Ethnomedicinal, Hepatoprotective, Silymarin}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_67_20}, author = {Srinivasarao Pendy and Krishna Nallamothu and Ganapaty Seru and Sunitha Katta and Sumanta Mondal} } @article {187, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Bioactive Potential of Pod Seed Extracts of Leucaena leucocephala Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {361-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals generated during injury lead to the development of various diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. Antioxidants present in plants can prevent the deleterious effect of these free radicals. Among various plants, Leucaena leucocephala is a mimosoid, fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing small tree having pods with various medicinal properties. Objective: Hence, the present study was designed to determine the bioactive potential of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of L. leucocephala pod seeds. Materials and Methods: We have assessed the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extract. In addition, the presence of various metabolites and other compounds was also evaluated though gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The results indicated that the methanol extract had relatively higher antibacterial and antioxidant properties than ethanol extract. Furthermore, GC-MS data revealed the presence of various active constituents in the methanolic extract. Conclusion: Thus, the bioactive potential of various compounds present in methanol extracts of plant parts could be responsible for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Leucaena leucocephala, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_49_20}, author = {Om Prakash and Salma Malik and Kumari Vandana Rani and Vipin Kumar Verma} } @article {212, title = {Untargeted Gas Chromatography{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell Rhizome Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {466-470}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (syn. Z. cernuum) endemic to peninsular India have been documented to be in use since ancient times in several traditional systems of medicine. Z. nimmonii with ethnomedicinal applications constitute a rich source of secondary metabolites toward identifying potential bioactive constituents with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Objective: Rhizomes of Z. nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell, endemic to the Western Ghats, were analyzed for bioactivity and phytochemical composition. Materials and Methods: Polyphenolic contents, namely total phenolics (TPs), total flavonoids (TFs) and total tannin (TT), were determined and expressed using gallic acid (GA), catechin (C) and tannic acid (TA) as standards. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against two Gram-positive, three Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi by agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, and volatile metabolite composition was determined by gas chromatography{\textendash} mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: THE highest TF and TT contents were detected in ethyl acetate (557.64 {\textpm} 41.74 mg CE. 100 g-1 DW) and isopropanol (63.995 {\textpm} 2.062 mg TA equivalent. 100 g-1 DW) extract, respectively. High TP content in isopropanol extract (112.80 {\textpm} 10.99 mg GA equivalent. 100 g-1 DW) contributed to antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (16.3 {\textpm} 0.6 mm) and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (11.7 {\textpm} 0.6 mm). Methanol extracts showed high antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH (67.4 {\textpm} 12.5 {\textmu}g/ ml) and FRAP (127.8 {\textpm} 12.4 {\textmu}g/ml) assays. Major bioactive phytochemical constituents in Z. nimmonii rhizome following GC-MS analysis included heptanediamide, N, N{\textquoteright}-di-benzoyloxy (arachidonic acid inhibitor), n-hexadecanoic acid (antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant), and oleic acid (antitumor). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates potential of Z. nimmonii rhizomes as a rich source of secondary metabolites which can be exploited toward developing anti-infective formulations and free radical quenchers.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry, Polyphenolics, Zingiber nimmonii}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_19_20}, author = {Aswati Ravindranathan Nair and G Ganapathy} } @article {52, title = {Vitamin D3, L-Arginine, L-Citrulline, and Antioxidant Supplementation Enhances Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Reduces Oxidative Stress in the Vascular Endothelium {\textendash} Clinical Implications for Cardiovascular System}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {17-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial signaling molecule which regulates the blood flow and prevents the adhesion of blood components to the vascular wall. A deficiency in bioavailable NO concentration is associated with the dysfunction of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and/or an increase in oxidative stress. The deficiency of bioavailable NO is a common denominator of several cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Materials and Methods: We used a nanomedical technology to elucidate the balance between bioavailable NO and oxidative stress (peroxynitrite ONOO-) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with a supplement containing L-arginine, L-citrulline, Vitamin D3, and antioxidants. Nanosensors, with a diameter of 200{\textendash}300 nm, are capable of measuring in situ NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) concentrations produced by single endothelial cells. Results: The ratio of the concentration of cytoprotective NO [NO] to the concentration of cytotoxic peroxynitrite [ONOO-] was used to estimate the efficiency of eNOS. HUVECs incubated with L-citrulline, L-arginine, and Vitamin D3 increased the [NO]/[ONOO-] ratio by 25\%, while in the presence of antioxidants, the increase was 15\%. The synergistic effect between the mix of L-arginine, L-citrulline, Vitamin D3, and antioxidants was a favorable increase of the overall [NO]/[ONOO-] ratio by 50\%. Conclusion: The findings of the study presented here clearly indicate that L-arginine, L-citrulline, and Vitamin D3 can significantly alter the function of the endothelium and NO production, in a favorable manner, while pointedly reducing ONOO- {\textendash} the main component of oxidative stress. This effect can be significantly potentiated in the presence of antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Endothelium, L-arginine, L-citrulline, Nitric oxide, Peroxynitrite, Vitamin D3}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_79_19}, author = {Hazem Dawoud and Tadeusz Malinski} } @article {252, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Locally Isolated Terrestrial Fungus, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {162-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide; its species are of major importance in the natural environment as decomposer of organic materials as well as food and drug production. Objective: Chromatographic isolation and identification of its bioactive secondary metabolites and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: Disc agar plate method has been recognized to assess the antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was determined using phosphomolybdenum method. The fungus strain SAM16-EGY was isolated from soil and was molecularly identified as Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY using 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid technique (acc. no., KP125952). Results: Seven compounds namely 3-O-docosyl-4-benzoyloxy methyl-3-oxobicyclo (4.1.0) heptane-1,5,6,7 tetrol (3-O-docosyl-3-debenzol rotepoxide) (1), (4bE, 6Z, 8E, 9aS, 10S)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a, 10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5-methylbenzo[a] azulen-12-one (2), 7α,9β,15β-triacetoxy-3-β-hydroxy jatropha-5E, 11E-diene (3), sesquiterpene I diol dihexoside malonate ester (4), piperogalone (5), (5R, 8Z, 11Z)-5 β-(6{\textquoteright}-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranozyloxy-6-hyd roxy tetradeca-8, 11-dienoic acid (6), and n-trcosanyl-n-octaced-9-enoate (7) were isolated and identified from this fungus. Their structures were determined on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans only, whereas compound 3 exerted higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (9 mm), P. aeruginosa (9 mm), C. albicans (11 mm), and Aspergillus niger (13 mm) as compared to the other compounds. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, compound 5 showed high total antioxidant capacity value of 608.59 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g compound, followed by compound 2 (443.66 mg) and compound 1 (332.16 mg). Conclusion: The isolated compounds showed promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {18S Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY, Secondary metabolites, Vacuum liquid chromatography.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_102_18}, author = {Mosad A. Ghareeb and Manal M. Hamed and Amal M. Saad and Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz and Ahmed A. Hamed and Laila A. Refahy} } @article {163, title = {Biological Screening of Tri-Jannarose as a Recipe from Thai Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {110-114}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Context: Tri-Jannarose (TJ) is a Thai traditional medicine recipe, the ingredients of which are betel palm seed (Areca catechu L.), Siamese neem tree root (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), and heart-leaved moonseed vines (Tinospora cordifolia [Thunb.] Miers). The equal mixture of three plants indicated to treatment of antipyretic, diuretic, expectorate, nourishment and appetizing. Aims: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of TJ using different extractions were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The three plants of recipe were extracted using different solvents such as aqueous extract (ATJ), 50\% ethanolic extract (HETJ), and 95\% ethanolic extract (ETJ). The phytochemical screening was determined by total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents. The anti-oxidation were tested using by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined for glucose transferase mechanism. Results: Phytochemical screening found that this recipe had both phenolic and flavonoid substances. The ETJ (IC50 = 0.0463 {\textpm} 0.002) was exerted on antioxidation higher than HETJ and ATJ (IC50 = 0.0511 {\textpm} 0.000 and 0.1485 {\textpm} 0.005 mg/mL). Surprisingly, ABTS+ assay, ETJ (IC50 = 0.015 {\textpm} 0.000 mg/mL), and HETJ (IC50 = 0.022 {\textpm} 0.000 mg/mL) showed high effect on free radical scavenging activity than the standard controls, ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.025 {\textpm} 0.001 mg/mL), and Trolox (IC50 = 0.032 {\textpm} 0.001 mg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity found that all of the extract including ATJ (IC50 = 0.0127{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL), ETJ (IC50 = 0.0154{\textpm}0.01 mg/mL) and ETJ (IC50 = 0.0202{\textpm}0.01 mg/mL) were more potent to inhibit α-glucosidase emzyme than acarbose (IC50 =0.745{\textpm}0.026 mg/mL) as a positive control. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical preliminary scarring was confirmed to treatment on Thai traditional medicine. The recipe composed with phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents which chemical substance were more potent anti-oxidation, and bittersweet flavor was stronger to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical screening, Thai traditional medicine, Tri-Jannarose, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_178_18}, author = {Ladachart Taepongsorat and Ampa Konsue} } @article {188, title = {Effect of Geraniol and Clarithromycin Combination against Gastric Ulcers Induced by Acetic Acid and Helicobacter pylori in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Background: Previous work showed geraniol to have anti-Helicobacter pylori activity in vivo and in vitro. Further, it has augmented the anti-H. pylori activity of clarithromycin in vitro. Objective: Geraniol and clarithromycin combination was investigated for anti-ulcer and anti-H. pylori activity in rats. Materials and Methods: Ulcers were induced by injecting acetic acid into the subserosal layer of the stomach followed by intragastric inoculation of H. pylori for 7 days. Geraniol (30 mg/kg) and a drug combination (geraniol, 30 mg/kg and clarithromycin, 25 mg/kg) were administered twice daily for 14 days, and parameters were measured at the end of treatment. Results: Geraniol alone or in combination with clarithromycin significantly (P \< 0.05) lowered the ulcer index and improved the curative ratio. Histopathological examination showed a significant reduction (P \< 0.05) in the ulcer score in the geraniol and geraniol{\textendash}clarithromycin treated animals compared with the ulcer controls. Both the treatment groups showed significant (P \< 0.05) increase in the glutathione level and reduction in the malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α level in the gastric mucosa compared to control group. Both produced a 50\% reduction in the rapid urease test, which is further confirmed using modified Giemsa staining. Conclusion: Geraniol, alone or in combination with clarithromycin, showed a significant ulcer healing effect which was associated with anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in the gastric mucosa. However, the effects of the geraniol and clarithromycin combination were not significantly different from the effects of geraniol alone in this model.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antiulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Clarithromycin, Geraniol, Helicobacter pylori.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_21_19}, author = {Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra and Lee Peng Hooi and Lai Pey Shyan and Lee Boon Chieh and Mayuren Candasamy and Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu} } @article {165, title = {Effect of Plain and Fortified Amla Fruit Powder on Aluminum-induced Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {406-409}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and Nootropic activities of Emblica officinalis against aluminum-induced Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s was induced using aluminum chloride at a dose of 4.2 mg/kg by intraperitoneal route for 28 days. In prophylactic studies, the plain amla powder (500 mg/kg) and fortified amla powder (300 mg/kg) were administered along with the aluminum chloride. In the curative study, the fortified amla powder (500 mg/kg) was administered to Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s-induced rats. Memory impairment was confirmed by measuring the nootropic activity using Morris water maize. At the end of the treatment, the oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase were evaluated. Results: The present study showed statistically significant increase in nootropic activity in terms of decrease in latency period in treatment groups when compared with the controlled Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s-induced group. The administration of amla fruit powder (plain and fortified) decreased the MDA levels and increased the SOD and catalase levels. Conclusion: The present study proved that E. officinalis is a promising tool in antioxidant and neuroprotective activity against aluminum chloride-induced AD.

}, keywords = {Aluminum chloride, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, Amla fruit powder, Antioxidant, Fortification, Nootropic.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_17_17}, author = {Thonangi Chandi Vishala and Gummalla Pitchaiah and D. Pravadha and Akula Annapurna} } @article {88, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities of Three Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {August 2019}, pages = {248-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant species with antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties contemplate in high number of flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids. This present study has been designed to evaluate antioxidant and analgesic activities of three Bangladeshi medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: In this study, after the phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of the crude methanol extracts of three medicinal species naming Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae), Licuala grandis (Arecaceae), and Anthurium crystallinum (Araceae) were evaluated using the spectrophotometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-free radical scavenging assay. In addition, total phenolic and total tannin contents have also been determined using standard gallic acid. Finally, analgesic activities of these plants have also been evaluated by acetic acid writhing inhibition and tail flick test in mice. Results: The inhibitory concentration 50\% values of methanol crude extract of B. glabra, L. grandis, and A. crystallinum were 1.72, 2.18, and 13.21 μg/mL, whereas the standard (ascorbic acid) showed the value 3.90 μg/mL. The extracts of B. glabra, L. grandis, and A. crystallinum also showed the total phenolic contents as 40.97 {\textpm} 0.004, 247.272 {\textpm} 0.016, and 302.22 {\textpm} 0.011 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g, and the total tannin contents as 2172 {\textpm} 0.002, 435.7 {\textpm} 0.01, and 2414.98 {\textpm} 0.028 mg GAE/100 g of dried plant extract, respectively. The three-plant extracts have reduced the pain by both these methods in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: In sum, it can be said that the three-plant species showed potent antioxidant and analgesic activities.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anthurium crystallinum, Antioxidant, Bougainvillea glabra, Licuala grandis.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_164_18}, author = {Amir Hossain and Akbar Hossain and Sultana Juhara Mannan} } @article {174, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Salvadora persica (Miswak) against Cigarette Smoke-induced Mutagenicity and Sperm Abnormalities in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {384-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica against the cigarette smoke-induced mutagenicity and sperm damages in rats. Materials and Methods: Young male Wistar rats of weight 120{\textendash}140 g were exposed to the cigarette smoke for 8 weeks. The lyophilized decoction of S. persica was administered daily for 4 weeks by oral route at the doses 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. The somatic and germinal cells damages were determined by peripheral blood micronucleus and sperm abnormalities tests, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity of the decoction was determined by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Ginseng was used as a standard herbal agent. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. P \<0.05 was considered to indicate the significance of results. Results: The data from the present study indicated that cigarette smoke exposure significantly (P \< 0.01) increased the population of micronucleated erythrocytes and sperm shape abnormalities and, reduced the polychromatic: normochromatic (P/N) ratio, and total sperm count compared to control. The administration of S. persica produced a dose-dependent inhibition on somatic and male germinal cell damages induced by cigarette smoke and the significant (P \< 0.05) activity was observed at 200 mg/kg. However, none of the tested doses enhanced significantly the P/N ratio. Ginseng at 100 mg/kg significantly (P \< 0.01) prevented the cigarette smoke-mediated damages. The in-vitro antioxidant activity indicated both S. persica and ginseng possess scavenging activity against the hydrogen peroxide free radicals. Conclusion: The observation suggests that the decoction of S. persica can prevent the somatic and germinal cell nuclear damages induced by cigarette smoke exposure. These actions could be related to its antioxidant property.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cigarette smoke, Micronuclei, Salvadora persica, Sperm abnormalities.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_65_19}, author = {Syed Imam Rabbani and Sultan Sajid and Vasudevan Mani and Omar Khan and M. A. A. Salman} } @article {199, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Lichen Usnea longissima and its Pharmacological Relevance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

The objective of the study was to isolate chemical compounds from lichen Usnea longissima (UL) and to use lichen metabolites as antibiotics, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, antiprotozoan, and antibacterial agents. Preparation of the lichen extracts: Fine powder of UL lichen was extracted using acetone, methanol, and water in a Soxhlet extractor. In a rotary evaporator, the extracts were filtered and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The dry extracts were stored at 18{\textdegree}C until they were used in the tests. The extracts were used for various assays. Sixteen compounds were isolated from lichen UL using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, operational data store, and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. By spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were identified as (1) useanol, (2) lecanorin, (3) 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate, (4) lecanorin E, (5) 3{\textquoteright}-methylevernic acid, (6) evernic acid, (7) barbatinic acid, (8) 3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran, (9) orcinol, (10) O-methyl orcinol, (11) methyl orsellinate, (12) methyl everninate, (13) 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, (14) 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid, (15) ethyl everninate, and (16) ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate. UL lichen is a great source of secondary metabolites, which can be used as antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and anticancer agents. This lichen can be used as a natural antioxidant or antitumor agent in clinical practice; commercially, it can be used as an anticancer drug.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Lichen, Usnea longissima.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_111_18}, author = {Moumita Dandapat and Santanu Paul} } @article {221, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Basella alba Aqueous Leave Extract In Blood, Pancreas, and Gonadal Tissues of Diabetic Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress is frequently identified as a key element in the pathophysiology of many complications of diabetes mellitus, including reproductive complications. The antioxidant potential of medicinal plants have been suggested for therapeutic focus of diseases in recent reports. Objective: To investigate the effect of Basella alba (Ba) aqueous leave extract on diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats (8{\textendash}10 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and treated as follows; Control (C + Ns) and Diabetic (D + Ns) animals received oral normal saline 0.5 ml/100 g body weight daily, while Healthy Treatment (H + Ba) and Diabetic Treatment (D + Ba) rats were given Ba extract at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily. Treatment was by gavage and lasted 4 weeks in all groups. Diabetes was induced in D + Ns and D + Ba rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) recorded weekly in all rats afterwards. Animals were euthanized at the end of the experiment and blood samples, pancreas, testes, and epididymis were preserved for analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Results: Oral administration of aqueous leave extract of Ba significantly (P \< 0.0001) lowered FBS in D + Ba rats. There was significantly higher blood superoxide dismutase activity and serum ferric reducing antioxidant power, but lower serum concentration of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in D + Ba compared to D + Ns rats (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: Ba exerts antioxidant effects in the gonads by enhancing antioxidant parameters in circulating blood, but not necessarily in the gonadal tissues.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Basella alba, Blood, gonads, Oxidative stress, Pancreas}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_84_17}, author = {Dennis Seyi Arokoyo and Ibukun Peter Oyeyipo and Stefan Simon Du Plessis and Yapo Guillaume Aboua} } @article {366, title = {Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities and Gas Chromatography{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry Profile of Salak (Salacca zalacca) Fruit Peel Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {385-390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Background: Salacca zalacca or better known as salak fruit is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, and it is traditionally used to treat diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the salak peel extracts for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profile of the most promising extract was analysed on gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: The peel extracts were prepared by maceration process at room temperature with different ratio of ethanol/water. All the extracts were determined for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using α-glucosidase enzyme. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined through their Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical constituents of salak peel extracts were analysed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC MS). Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in all the extracts. About 100\% ethanol extract shows the highest phenolic content (116.70 {\textpm} 0.764 μg/mL) while 60\% ethanol extract has the lowest content 18.65 {\textpm} 1.155 μg/ml using gallic acid as a reference. 100\% ethanol extract was observed to exhibit highest radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50: 49.45 {\textpm} 3.87 μg/mL, 144.81 {\textpm} 3.72 μg AAE/g, IC50: 11.62 {\textpm} 0.67b μg/mL), respectively. Water extracts had the lowest FRAP, radical scavenging activity as well as α-glucosidase activity. The phytochemical investigation on GC-MS showed the presence of active compounds in salak fruit peel extracts. Conclusion: Salak fruit peels showed the highest antioxidant as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Phytochemical analysis on GC-MS confirms the presence of gallic acid, linoelaidic acid, palmitic acid, α-tocopherol, and steric acid which may contribute to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical screening, Salak fruit, Total phenolic, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_7_18}, author = {Mohammed S. M. Saleh and Mohammad Jamshed Siddiqui and Siti Z. Mat So{\textquoteright}ad and Suganya Murugesu and Alfi Khatib and Mokhlesur M. Rahman} } @article {229, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic Properties, and Phytochemical Characterization of Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Anthocleista nobilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Anthocleista nobilis (Loganiaceae) is used by Mbano people of Imo State, Nigeria, for the treatment of various ailments. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of the methanol extract, fractions, and subfractions of A. nobilis. Materials and Methods: The powdered stem bark was extracted with methanol and sequentially fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions. The constituents of the fractions were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the components were identified by dereplication. Antioxidant potential of the extracts and fractions was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging method. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extract and fractions were also investigated using xylene-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing models, respectively. Results: A total of five compounds isovitexin (Rt = 18.77 min), isovitexin-2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-O-xyl (Rt = 19.68 min), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Rt = 11.88 min), Sarasinoside L (Rt = 19.64 min), isovitexin (Rt = 18.77), and apigenin monoglycoside (Rt = 19.64 min) were identified by HPLC analysis and dereplication. The ethyl acetate fraction and subfraction elicited the best anti-inflammatory activity. The ethyl acetate subfraction also inhibited acetic acid-induced pain by 79\% and 85.0\% at the doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, which was better than 71.1\% and 81.3\% observed for diclofenac at similar doses. Conclusion: A. nobilis could be a potential source of anti-inflammatory and analgesic lead compounds.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anthocleista nobilis, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_73_17}, author = {Kenneth Gerald Ngwoke and Amaka Godsaveus Akwagbulam and Ernest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie and Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku and Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye and Charles Okechukwu Esimone} } @article {286, title = {Antiurolithic and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Whole-plant Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC in Ethylene-Glycol-induced Urolithiasis in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {181-187}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

Background: Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC is considered as one of the ten sacred plants called as {\textquotedblleft}Dasapushpam{\textquotedblright} of Kerala state in India. Grounded leaves of this plant have been used conventionally as antiurolithic and diuretic. {\textquoteleft}However, enough scientific evidences were not available about the effect of this plant as nephroprotective and antiurolithic. Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate antiurolithic and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of whole plant B. sensitivum Linn. DC (EEBS) on ethylene-glycol (EG)-induced urolithiasis in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: EG 0.75\% v/v in drinking water was fed to all groups, except the control group for 28 days to induce urolithiasis in rats. Groups I, II, and III served as control, toxic control, and standard Cystone groups, respectively. Animals in Group IV were administered with EEBS from 15th day to 28th day, while Group V animals were administered with EEBS from 1st day to 28th day. Several renal functional and injury markers in urine and serum were determined. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also recorded. Results: Co-administration with EEBS exhibited protective effect against EG-induced proteinuria, hypercalciuria, hypomagnesuria hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Serum protein levels were significantly increased, whereas blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels were significantly lowered. EEBS-treated rats significantly attenuated the aberrations in the antioxidant enzyme activities, body weight, kidney weight, urine output, and urine pH compared to toxic control animals. Conclusion: Hence, this study confirmed the usefulness of B. sensitivum as an antiurolithic and antioxidant agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antiurolithic, Biophytum sensitivum, Cystone, ethylene-glycol}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_83_17}, author = {B. R. Abhirama and R. ShanmugaSundaram} } @article {347, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Oligopeptides Derived from Different Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Cultivars}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {361-364}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Several plant peptides have been known to exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, the bioactivity of mulberry peptides is not yet reported. Objective: In the present study, the peptides from different mulberry cultivars, namely S1, V1, S1635, and Dudhiya, were isolated and assessed for their in vitro free radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity of two key enzymes (α-amylase [AA] and α-glucosidase [AG]) associated with type-II diabetes. Materials and Methods: The 0.5{\textendash}3 kDa ranged oligopeptides were isolated using cation exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration system and further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and protein sequencer. The peptides were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant potential by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity and reducing power, metal chelating, and anti-lipid peroxidation activity along with in vitro antidiabetic activity by AA and AG inhibition. Results: The results revealed that the peptides were found to possess significant free radical scavenging as well as AA and AG inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the peptide isolated from S1 cultivar exhibited the most promising therapeutic potential. Further, the variation in amino acid composition of the oligopeptides could be associated with the observed variation in their bioactivity. Conclusion: These natural peptides may constitute an important part of the antioxidant defense system as well as antidiabetic agent and further could be used for the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, High-performance liquid chromatography, Mulberry, Oligopeptide, Ultrafiltration}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_70_18}, author = {Suchisree Jha and Saran Kumar Gupta and Phalguni Bhattacharyya and Amitava Ghosh and Palash Mandal} } @article {428, title = {In vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Antiurolithic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Whole Plant Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {417-421}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Background: Previous research studies have demonstrated that the formation of urinary stones leads to oxidative stress in patients; hence, search for antiurolithic drugs possessing antioxidant activities from natural sources has gained great potential. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant and antiurolithic potency of ethanol extract of whole plant Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC (EEBS). Materials and Methods: The antioxidant potential of EEBS was determined by nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Inhibition capacity of EEBS on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization was evaluated by nucleation assay, aggregation assay, and microscopic assay (image analysis of CaOx crystal morphology). Results: Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of EEBS was found to be 90.12 μg/mL and that of ascorbic acid (standard) was 37.23 μg/mL. In nucleation assay, IC50 of EEBS was found to be 68.82 mg/mL, compared with 52. 41 mg/mL for cystone (standard). In aggregation assay, IC50 value was indicated as 52.39 mg/mL and for cystone, it was found to be 41.62 mg/mL. Addition of various concentration of EEBS (20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/mL) resulted in change in structure of CaOx crystals. EEBS a concentration of 160 mg/mL reduced the size of CaOx crystals to 812.68 μm whereas size of CaOx crystal treated with the control was 1398.05 μm. The size reduction of CaOx crystals was found to be dose-dependent. Conclusion: This plant can be used alone or in combination with other herbal drugs, as EEBS showed significant antioxidant and antiurolithic activities.

}, keywords = {Aggregation assay, Antioxidant, Antiurolithic, Biophytum sensitivum, Microscopic assay, Nucleation assay}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_30_18}, author = {B. R. Abhirama and Shanmugasundaram Rajagopal and I. S. Neethu and S. G. Ariya and B. Athira and K. M. Dhanalekshmi} } @article {223, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Isolated Compounds and Various Extracts of Peel of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {44-48}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Background: Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) peel has been proven to exhibit widespread pharmacological application against multitude of diseases due to the presence of bioactive principles. Objective: The objective is to isolate the bioactive compounds from the pericarp of P. granatum and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various extracts. Materials and Methods: Dried peel of P. granatum was extracted with aqueous acetone and chromatographed on Diaion HP-20. Enriched fractions were rechromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 and purified on preparative high-performance liquid chromatography to identify individual compounds. The dried peel was extracted with different solvents to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: On the chemical investigation, three compounds were isolated and characterized as punicalagin, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, and punicalin, using various spectroscopic techniques. Conclusion: Results indicate that the isolated compounds have possessed antioxidant activity, and aqueous, methanol, and aqueous acetone extract showed significant scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals.

}, keywords = {2, 3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose, Antioxidant, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_36_17}, author = {Janani Jacob and P. Lakshmanapermalsamy and Ramanaiah Illuri and Ramanaiah Illuri and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {226, title = {Isolation of 5,7-Dihydroxy, 6,8-Dimethyl Flavanone from Syzygium aqueum with Its Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {60-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium aqueum Burm.f. Alston (water apple) belonging to Myrtaceae family was originated from tropical areas. It was traditionally used as a medicinal plant. Objective: The objective of the study was to isolate the active compound from the methanolic extract of S. aqueum leaves. Methods: Extraction was done using continuous extraction with methanol as a solvent. The extract was then fractionated using liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction, vacuum liquid chromatography, and radial chromatography. Recrystallization was done for purification. The structure of the compound was determined by Ultraviolet-Visible and (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. Results: The isolate showed maximum wavelengths at 347 (band I) and 296 (band II) nm. After addition of NaOH and CH3COONa, the maximum wavelengths of band II moved to 340 and 339 nm, respectively. There was no change in wavelengths after addition CH3COONa/H3BO3 and AlCl3. The 1H-NMR spectrum showed 16 protons, whereas 13C-NMR spectrum showed 15 carbons. Based on those data, the isolate was determined as 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl flavanone (demethoxymatteucinol). At a concentration of 100 and 50 {\textmu}g/mL, it could inhibit 25.13\% of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and scavenge 11.87\% of diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl, respectively. Conclusion: Demethoxymatteucinol was isolated for the first time from S. aqueum and it had mild antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Myrtaceae, Syzygium aqueum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_59_17}, author = {Muhamad Insanu and Zelika Mega Ramadhania and Evelyne Nadia Halim and Rika Hartati and Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna} } @article {317, title = {Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction to Obtain Optimum Antioxidant Activity and Anthocyanin Concentration from Myrmecodia pendens Tubers Using Response Surface Methodology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: One of the major antioxidants in Myrmecodia pendens (sarang semut) tubers is anthocyanin. Objective: To obtain antioxidant activity and anthocyanin concentration from sarang semut optimally through an appropriate method. Materials and Methods: Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was chosen because of its brief extraction time (ET), saving solvents, and being inexpensive compared to conventional extraction methods. Experiment design was prepared using response surface methodology. 1,1-diphenyl-1-2-picrylhydrazyl and reducing power method were used for the determination of the antioxidant activity, while the Association of Analytical Communities official method 2005.02 was used for the anthocyanin concentration calculation. Results: It was found that the optimum antioxidant activity was obtained at 80\% ethanol, sample-to-solvent ratio (S/S ratio) 1:12, ET 10 min, and MAE power 50\%. Meanwhile, the optimum anthocyanin extraction was obtained at 80\% ethanol, S/S ratio 1:8, ET 3 min, and MAE 10\%. Conclusion: The optimum condition of antioxidant activity and anthocyanin concentration was the same at the solvent used, yet different at the S/S ratio, ET, and power level which open further research to support this study.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Antioxidant, Microwave-assisted extraction, Myrmecodia pendens, Response surface methodology}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_114_17}, author = {Nurul Fajry Maulida and Bernita Yanuaritamala and Arry Yanuar and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {345, title = {Study of Glucose Uptake Enhancing Potential of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) Leaves Extract on 3T3 L1 Cells Line and Evaluation of its Antioxidant Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {347-353}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {347}, abstract = {

Background: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at an alarming rate globally. There is a need for suitable natural alternatives for its treatment, as the regular use of drugs causes several secondary health issues. Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the phenol and flavonoid content; antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of fenugreek seeds and leaves in water and ethanolic extracts. Materials and Methods: Dried and powdered seeds and leaves of fenugreek were treated at different time and temperature combinations (100{\textdegree}C for 10 min; 80{\textdegree}C for 30 min; 60{\textdegree}C for 1 h; 37{\textdegree}C for 6 h; 24{\textdegree}C [room temperature] for 24 h; 100{\textdegree}C for 10 min followed by overnight soaking). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and glucose uptake assays on 3T3-L1 cell lines were performed on the extracts. Results: The results show that fenugreek leaves treated at 100{\textdegree}C for 10 min and overnight soaking yield extracts with the highest concentrations of desired phenols (46.08 {\textpm} 0.15 mg GAE/g sample) and flavonoid content (13.02 {\textpm} 0.44 mg/g sample) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) (45.41 {\textpm} 2.1\%) with enhanced glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cell lines. Conclusion: The phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antidiabetic activity was highest in the water extract of fenugreek leaves treated at 100{\textdegree}C for 10 min and subsequent soaking for 24 h before filtration as compared to the other protocols tested. Furthermore, water extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to the ethanol extracts in case of both seeds and leaves and in all the treatment combinations.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1 cell lines, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Fenugreek, Glucose uptake}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_50_18}, author = {Debarupa Hajra and Santanu Paul} } @article {450, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extract and Subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The harmful action of the free radicals which cause the oxidative stress can be blocked by antioxidant substances, and different plant extracts showed antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is was evaluation the antioxidant activity of total methanol extract (ME) and subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen. Materials and Methods: Aerial part of E. splendida was extracted by maceration with methanol and then subfractionated by liquid{\textendash}liquid fractionation using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, reduction of ferric ions and ferrous ion chelating potential. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were estimated with Folin-Ciocaltue and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Results: The findings revealed that E. splendida ME and subfractions showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. ME showed the highest antioxidant activity based on total reduction capability and ferrous ions chelating assay tests. Aqueous fraction and then ethyl acetate fraction showed the best IC50 in DPPH radical scavenging test in comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene. ME showed the highest value of TPC and TFC (270.74 {\textpm} 0.005 mg/g and 208.23 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/g, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that the extract and subfractions of E. splendida have antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions might be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. More studies are needed to determine the active antioxidant compounds of this plant.

}, keywords = {1, 1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant, Euphorbia splendida, Flavonoid, Fractions, Free radicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_12_17}, author = {Zahra Kefayati and Saeed Mohammadi Motamed and Asie Shojaii and Mitra Noorix and Mitra Noori and Roshanak Ghods} } @article {401, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Fruit Rind Extract of Garcinia dulcis (Roxburgh) Kurz}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {266-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Background: Garcinia spp. belongs to the family Clusiaceae has been traditionally used for the treatment of many ailments including the liver damage. Garcinia dulcis found in North Eastern region of Assam; India can be a potential candidature to combat different ailments. Objective: The present work has been designed in such a way to appraisal the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of fruit rind extract of this plant. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity was investigated through the various in vitro models, namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine, 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, nitrite oxide. Phytochemical investigation for total phenolic and flavonoids contents were carried out by standard protocol. For the evaluation of hepatoprotective activity, albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups, five animals per group and activity was determined by measuring the contents of liver function marker enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and biochemical parameter, that is, Bilirubin and total protein. Histopathology observation of liver sections was conducted. Results: Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of both phenolic and flavonoid groups in the extract in a significant amount. Antioxidant activity of the plant extract was observed in all models and percentage of inhibition was dose-dependent. Intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride, elevated the liver function enzymes, bilirubin, and suppressed the production of total protein. Pretreatment with the extract decreased the SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin level significantly and increased the production level of total protein in a dose-dependent manner. The histopathological observation supported the hepatoprotective potentiality of the extract. Conclusion: The results indicate that fruit rind part of G. dulcis is nontoxic and the plant can utilize as an antioxidant source. The plant has a protective agent for liver damages and other diseases caused by free radicals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Free radicals, Garcinia dulcis, Hepatoprotective}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.210330}, author = {Nabajyoti Gogoi and Ankur Gogoi and Bijoy Neog and Dibyojyoti Baruah and Khumanthem Deepak Singh} } @article {327, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic, and Antiatherogenic Property of Lycopene and Astaxanthin in Atherosclerosis-induced Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {161-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Antioxidants play a major role in prophylaxis and prevention of progression and complications of atherosclerosis. Objective: In this study, we are evaluating the antiatherosclerotic effect of two antioxidants such as astaxanthin and lycopene. Materials and Methods: After acclimatization, 24 male SD rats, 8{\textendash}10 weeks old, 150 {\textpm} 10 g, maintained as per CPCSEA guidelines were divided into four groups of six rats each. Baseline values of weight lipid profile and 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay were taken. All the rats were fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD). HCD only, HCD + atorvastatin (50 mg/kg), HCD + lycopene (50 mg/kg), and HCD + astaxanthin (50 mg/kg) were given to control, standard, lycopene, and astaxanthin groups, respectively, through oral gavage for 45 days. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study, blood sample collected from aorta, and then aorta was dissected for histopathology. Results: The lipid profile showed lycopene and astaxanthin decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very LDL-C, and triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level significantly (P \< 0.05) compared to the control but less than atorvastatin. The TBARS value of lycopene was significantly lower compared to HCD and atorvastatin groups, whereas astaxanthin was significantly less than HCD group only. The histopathology showed only Type I lesions, no naked fatty streaks, few foam cells in lycopene, and astaxanthin groups compared to control where we observed Type II and III lesions, visible fatty streaks and many foam cells with intimal thickening in HCD group. Conclusion: In this study, lycopene and astaxanthin showed antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and antiatherosclerotic property. This warrants further study for including them in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Astaxanthin, Atherosclerosis, Hypercholesterolemia, Lycopene}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204654}, author = {Rajesh Kumar and Kartik Janardan Salwe and Manimekalai Kumarappan} } @article {316, title = {Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {121-127}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Honey is one of the most appreciated and valued natural products introduced to humankind since ancient times. Honey is used not only as a nutritional product but also in health described in traditional medicine and as an alternative treatment for clinical conditions ranging from wound healing to cancer treatment. The aim of this review is to emphasize the ability of honey and its multitude in medicinal aspects. Traditionally, honey is used in the treatment of eye diseases, bronchial asthma, throat infections, tuberculosis, thirst, hiccups, fatigue, dizziness, hepatitis, constipation, worm infestation, piles, eczema, healing of ulcers, and wounds and used as a nutritious supplement. The ingredients of honey have been reported to exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and antimetastatic effects. Many evidences suggest the use of honey in the control and treatment of wounds, diabetes mellitus, cancer, asthma, and also cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal diseases. Honey has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of disease by phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids and polyphenols, which act as antioxidants, are two main bioactive molecules present in honey. According to modern scientific literature, honey may be useful and has protective effects for the treatment of various disease conditions such as diabetes mellitus, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, even it is useful in cancer treatment because many types of antioxidant are present in honey. In conclusion, honey could be considered as a natural therapeutic agent for various medicinal purposes. Sufficient evidence exists recommending the use of honey in the management of disease conditions. Based on these facts, the use of honey in clinical wards is highly recommended.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Honey, Polyphenols, Therapeutic agent, Traditional}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204647}, author = {Saeed Samarghandian and Tahereh Farkhondeh and Fariborz Samini} } @article {483, title = {Ameliorative Effects of Chloroform Fraction of Cocos nucifera L. Husk Fiber Against Cisplatin-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Cisplatin (Cis) is used in the treatment of solid tumors and is known to elicit serious side effects. Objective: The present study investigated the protective effects of chloroform fraction of Cocos nucifera husk fiber (CFCN) against Cis-induced organs{\textquoteright} damage and chromosomal defect in rats. Quercetin (QUE), standard antioxidant, served as positive control. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups and treated with corn oil (control), Cis alone, Cis + CFCN, CFCN alone, Cis + QUE, and QUE alone. QUE and CFCN were given at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, by oral gavage for 7 days before the rats were exposed to a single dose of Cis (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) at the last 36 h of study. Results: Administration of Cis alone caused a significant (P \< 0.05) increase in the levels of serum creatinine and urea by 72\% and 70\%, respectively, when compared with the control. The activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase was significantly (P \< 0.05) increased while alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were insignificantly (P \> 0.05) affected in Cis-treated rats. Furthermore, the activities of hepatic and renal catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of reduced glutathione were significantly (P \< 0.05) decreased in Cis-treated rats with concomitant elevation of malondialdehyde. Cis exposure increased the frequency of micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mPCE) by 92\%. Pretreatment with CFCN inhibited lipid peroxidation, enhanced the activities of some antioxidative enzymes and reduced the frequency of mPCE. Conclusions: Chloroform fraction of CFCN may protect against organs damage by Cis. Further studies are required to determine the component of the plant responsible for this activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cisplatin, Clastogenicity, Cocos nucifera, Lipid peroxidation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172658}, author = {Oluwatosin Adekunle Adaramoye and Adesola Fausat Azeez and Olufunke Elizabeth Ola-Davies} } @article {491, title = {Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida L. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {142-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

Background: Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl- 1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. Results: The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. Key words:

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Jatropha multifida, wound}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172657}, author = {Kokou Anani and Yao Adjrah and Yaovi Am{\'e}yapoh and Simplice Damintoti Karou and Amegnona Agbonon and Comlan de Souza and Messanvi Gbeassor} } @article {390, title = {Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract and its Fractions of Leaves of Ficus benghalensis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {50-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus benghalensis is a folk medicine indigenous plant of India. Several studies on this plant reported and focused on the biological profile of the plant. Objectives: This study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of F. benghalensis leaf extract using various in vitro screening methods of both parameters. Materials and Methods: Hydroalcoholic (FB1) extract and it{\textquoteright}s four fractions viz. n-hexane (FB2), n-butanol (FB3), chloroform (FB4), and water (FB5) of leaves of F. benghalensis investigated for their free radical scavenging activity using 1-1-diphneyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. A dose-response curve was plotted and IC50 values were determined to assess antioxidant activity. Nitroblue tetrazolium test, phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans and candidacidal assay were carried out to assess the immunomodulatory activity. Positive non-lymphoid cell number, mean particle number of killed C. albicans, percent value of killed C. albicans by neutrophils were calculated and presented. Results: All extracts showed antioxidant and prominent immunomodulatory activity with compared to standard. Conclusions: Hydroalcoholic (FB1) extract and its four fractions viz. n-hexane (FB2), n-butanol (FB3), chloroform (FB4), and water (FB5) showed promising antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Candida albicans, Ficus benghalensis, Free radicals, Immunomodulatory}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171107}, author = {Anil Subhash Bhanwase and Kallanagouda Ramappa Alagawadi} } @article {478, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Berry Fruits in Mice Model of Inflammation is Based on Oxidative Stress Modulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {42-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Many fruits have been used as nutraceuticals because the presence of bioactive molecules that play biological activities. Objective: The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of methanolic extracts of Lycium barbarum (GOJI), Vaccinium macrocarpon (CRAN) and Vaccinium myrtillus (BLUE). Materials and Methods: Mices were treated with extracts (50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.), twice a day through 10 days. Phytochemical analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determine by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by paw edema followed by determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TBARS. Results: High amount of phenolic compounds, including rutin, were identified in all berries extracts. However, quercetin was observed only in BLUE and CRAN. GOJI presents higher scavenging activity of DPPH radical and reducing power than BLUE and CRAN. The extracts improved antioxidant status in liver; BLUE showed the largest reduction (75.3\%) in TBARS when compared to CRAN (70.7\%) and GOJI (65.3\%). Nonetheless, CAT activity was lower in BLUE group. However, hepatic concentrations of GSH were higher in animals treated with GOJI rather than CRAN and BLUE. Despite all fruits caused a remarkable reduction in paw edema and TBARS, only BLUE and CRAN were able to reduce MPO. Conclusion: These results suggest that quercetin, rutin, or other phenolic compound found in these berry fruits extracts could produce an anti-inflammatory response based on modulation of oxidative stress in paw edema model.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, blueberry, cranberry, Goji berry, Paw edema}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.178642}, author = {Geisson Marcos Nardi and Adriana Graziele Farias Januario and Cassio Geremia Freire and Fernanda Megiolaro and K{\'e}tlin Schneider and Marlene Raimunda Andreola Perazzoli and Scheley Raap Do Nascimento and Ana Cristina Gon and Lu{\'\i}sa Nath{\'a}lia Bolda Mariano and Glauber Wagner and Rivaldo Niero and Claudriana Locatelli} } @article {404, title = {Anti-Lipoxygenase Activity of Leaf Gall Extracts of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {78-82}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {78}, abstract = {

Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors are the promising therapeutic target for treating a wide spectrum of inflammatory-related diseases such as cancer, asthma, lymphoma, leukemia, and autoimmune disorders. In the present study, the photochemical constituents and the anti-LOX potential of leaf galls of Terminalia chebula are evaluated to exemplify its further potential development as medicine. Extracts of T. chebula galls were tested for anti-LOX activity using linoleic acid as substrate and lipoxidase as an enzyme and also the total content of polyphenols with phytochemical analysis of the extract were determined. The presence of highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 141 {\textpm} 2.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g d.w and 125 {\textpm} 1.4 mg of quercetin equivalent/g d.w and maximal LOX inhibitory activity (52.67\%) at 800 μg/mL concentrations were identified in the ethanolic extracts of leaf galls of T.chebula. The higher LOX inhibitory activity was positively correlated to the high content of total polyphenols/flavonoids. The results of this study confirm the folklore use of T. chebula leaves gall extracts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent and justify its ethnobotanical use. Therefore, the results encourage the use of T. chebula leave gall extracts for medicinal health, functional food, and nutraceuticals applications.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Anti-lipoxygenase, Drug, Gallic acid, Galls, Plants, Terminalia chebula}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171103}, author = {Ravi Shankara Birur Eshwarappa and Yarappa Lakshmikantha Ramachandra} } @article {376, title = {Effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. Leaves Extract on Anxiety- and Depressive-like Behavior and Oxidative Stress in Mice after Acute Restraint Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Beta vulgaris is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}beet root{\textquotedblright} possessing antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To study the protective effect of Beta vulgaris Linn. ethanolic extract (BVEE) of leaves against acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice. Materials and Methods: Mice (n = 6) were pretreated with BVEE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p. o.) for 7 days and subjected to ARS for 6 h to induce behavioral and biochemical changes. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior were measured by using different behavioral paradigms such as open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) 40 min postARS. Brain homogenate was used to analyze oxidative stress parameters, that is, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) level. Results: BVEE pretreatment significantly (P \< 0.05) reversed the ARS-induced reduction in EPM parameters, that is, percentage entries and time spent in open arms and in OFT parameters, that is, line crossings, and rearings in mice. ARS-induced increase in the immobility time in FST and TST was attenuated significantly (P \< 0.05) by BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage. An increase in MDA and depletion of GSH level postARS was prevented significantly (P \< 0.05) with BVEE pretreatment at both the dosage (100 and 200 mg/kg). Conclusion: BVEE exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in stressed mice along with good antioxidant property suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.

}, keywords = {Acute restraint stress, Antioxidant, Anxiety, Beta vulgaris, Depression, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171100}, author = {Kunjbihari Sulakhiya and Vikas Kumar Patel and Rahul Saxena and Jagrati Dashore and Amit Kumar Srivastava and Manoj Rathore} } @article {488, title = {Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Datura metel Linn. and Cynodon dactylon Linn. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Datura metel L. and Cynodon dactylon L. extracts. Materials and Methods: The extraction of plants parts (datura seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of durva was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed in vero cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. Results: We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 μg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 μg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of D. metel, respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 100 μg/ ml. The IC50 of a methanolic cold extract of datura fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line. Conclusion: We observed that plant parts of C. dactylon and D. metel have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.175610}, author = {Soumen Roy and Sandip Pawar and Abhay Chowdhary} } @article {432, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Ficus glomerata (moraceae) Leaf Gall Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {114-120}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {114}, abstract = {

An excess production or decreased scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse metabolic disorders such as diabetes, cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. Hence the antioxidant therapy has gained an utmost importance in the treatment of such diseases linked to free radicals. The medicinal properties of plants have been investigated and explored for their potent antioxidant activities to counteract metabolic disorders. This research highlights the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of leaf gall extracts (aqueous and methanol) of Ficus glomerata (F. glomerata), which is extensively used in the preparation of traditional medications to treat various metabolic diseases. The presences of phenolics, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenoids and reducing sugars were identified in both the extracts. In comparison to the aqueous extract, the methanol extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content at 370 {\textpm} 3.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg GAE/g dw) and 155 {\textpm} 3.2 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg QUE/g dw), respectively. The antioxidant activities of leaf gall extracts were examined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl scavenging and ferric reducing power (FRAP) methods. In all the methods, the methanolic extract showed higher antioxidant potential than the aqueous extract. A higher content of both total phenolics and flavonoids were found in the methanolic extract and the significantly high antioxidant activity can be positively correlated to the high content of total polyphenols/flavonoids of the methanol extract. The results of this study confirm the folklore use of F. glomerata leaf gall extracts as a natural antioxidant and justify its ethnobotanical use. Further, the results of antioxidant properties encourage the use of F. glomerata leaf gall extracts for medicinal health, functional food and nutraceuticals applications. Future work will be interesting in knowing the chemical composition and better understand the mechanism of action of the antioxidants present for development as drug for its therapeutic application.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Drug, Ficus glomerata, Gallic acid, Galls, Metabolic diseases, Plants.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147225}, author = {Ravi Shankara Birur Eshwarappa and Shanthi Iyer and Sundara Rajan Subaramaihha and S Austin Richard and Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya} } @article {572, title = {Chemical Composition Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Essential oil of Atalantia monophylla Correa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s52-s56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s52}, abstract = {

Background: Atalantia monophylla Correa. a small tree belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is distributed throughout India and in Tamil Nadu the species is commonly seen in foothills of dry vegetation. Objective: The aim was to hydrodistillate and analyze the chemical composition of essential oil from the fresh leaves of A. monophylla Correa. collected in two different seasons (December, 2013 and May, 2014) and to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of isolated essential oil. Materials and Methods: Chemical composition of isolated essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity of oil was assessed using five different antioxidant test systems. Antibacterial activity of oil was tested against six pathogenic bacteria by broth dilution method. Results: Essential oil obtained from the leaves collected during May, 2014 had shown more compounds. Antioxidant activity of oil was moderate when compared with positive control. Minimum inhibitory concentration value of oil was ranges between 139.32 {\textpm} 0.001 and 541.11 {\textpm} 0.003 {\textmu}g/mL against all the tested bacteria. Conclusion: Result clearly indicates essential oil collected during May, 2014 showed more bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Atalantia monophylla, Essential oil, Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.152009}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Ramya Gunasekar and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath} } @article {543, title = {Chemical constituents of Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill and J. A. Nyberg with potent antioxidant activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {October 2015}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Background: Phragmanthera austroarabica A.G. Mill. and J. A. Nyberg is a semi parasitic plant belonging to family Loranthaceae. It was collected from Saudi Arabia. It is widely used in folk medicine among the kingdom in treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The total alcoholic extract of P. austroarabica collected from Saudi Arabia was investigated for the chemical structure and prominent biological activity of the main constituents. Materials and Methods: Isolation of the active constituents was performed using different chromatographic techniques including column chromatography packed with silica or sephadex and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on different spectroscopic data as mass spectrum, one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (correlation spectroscopy,
heteronuclear single quantum coherence, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation). Results: Phytochemical investigation of the plant resulted in isolation of 12 compounds. The isolated compounds were identified as chrysophanic acid, emodin, chrysophanic acid-8-O-glucoside, emodin-8-O-glucoside, pectolinarigenin, quercetin, dillenetin-3-O-glucoside, catechin, catechin-4{\textquoteright}-O-gallate, methyl gallate, lupeol and ursolic acid. All the isolated phenolic compounds revealed significant free radical scavenging activities when tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagent. Conclusion: The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds can justify the use of P. austroarabica in traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes and verify its possible application as an antihyperglycemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Loranthaceae, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Phragmanthera.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.158436}, author = {Jihan M. Badr} } @article {573, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antidiabetic Potential of Two Traditional Medicinal Plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {s57-s62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s57}, abstract = {

Background: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita are temperate Himalayan medicinal plants used as potent herbal drugs in Indian traditional systems of medicine (Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha). Objective: Assessment of Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the two Swertia species were analyzed. The antioxidant potential of all the extracts was assessed by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging potential was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antibacterial activity was assessed against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-amylase inhibition. Results: Methanolic leaf extracts of both the species of Swertia contain significant antibacterial as well as anti-diabetic potential, whereas methanolic root extracts of both species were found to have potential antioxidant activity. However, Swertia chirayita showed better activities than Swertia cordata although both species have good reputation in traditional Indian medicine. Conclusion: Both the species are having high medicinal potential in terms of their antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities. Studies are required to further elucidate antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial potentials using various in-vitro, in-vivo biochemical and molecular biology techniques.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic activity, Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Chirata, Swertia chirayita, Swertia cordata}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.157997}, author = {Priyanka Roy and Fatima I Abdulsalam and DK Pandey and Aniruddha Bhattacharjee and Naveen Reddy Eruvaram and Tabarak Malik} } @article {411, title = {Evaluation of antitumor activity and antioxidant status of Alternanthera brasiliana against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {66-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to explore the antitumor activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the Alternanthera brasiliana (EAAB) and its antioxidant status against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Based on the preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity studies, EAAB was selected for anti-tumor and antioxidant effects. Anticancer activity of EAAB was evaluated against EAC in Swiss albino mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. EAAB was administered for 14 consecutive days after induction of cancer. After 24 hr\ of the last dose and 18 hr of fasting, half of the mice were sacrificed and rest were kept alive for assessing any increase in life span. The antitumor effect of EAAB was assessed by evaluating tumor volume, viable and nonviable tumor cell count, tumor weight, hematological and biochemical parameters of EAC bearing host. Furthermore, the antioxidant and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results: EAAB treatment has shown significant decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice in a dose dependent manner. In hematological profile count of RBC, hemoglobin, and WBC were found reverted to normal. EAAB also significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and significantly increased the levels of GSH, SOD and Catalase. Conclusion: From the above results it may be concluded that EAAB.

}, keywords = {5-Flourouracil, Alternanthera brasiliana, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147211}, author = {Pavan Kumar Samudrala and Bibin Baby Augustine and Eshvendar Reddy Kasala and Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru and Chandana Barua and Mangala Lahkar} } @article {362, title = {Review on Polygonum minus. Huds, a commonly used food additive in Southeast Asia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {1-6}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae), generally known as {\textquoteleft}kesum{\textquoteright} in Malaysia is among the most commonly used food additive, flavoring agent and traditionally used to treat stomach and body aches. Raw or cooked leaves of P. minus are used in digestive disorders in the form of a decoction and the oil is used for dandruff. The pharmacological studies on P. minus have demonstrated antioxidant, in vitro LDL oxidation inhibition, antiulcer activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity, antimicrobial activity, digestive enhancing property and cytotoxic activity. The spectroscopic studies of essential oil of P. minus showed the presence of about 69 compounds, which are responsible for the aroma. The phytochemical studies showed presence of flavonoids and essential oils. This review is an effort to update the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data of the plant P. minus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antiulcer, Phytoconstituents, Polygonum.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147125}, author = {Parayil Varghese Christapher and Subramani Parasuraman and Josephine Maria Arokiaswamy Christina and Mohd. Zaini Asmawi and Murugaiyah Vikneswaran} } @article {834, title = {Ameliorative Effect of Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {320-325}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {320}, abstract = {

Background: Antioxidants from natural sources have a major role in reversing the effects of oxidative stress and promoting health, growth and productivity in animals. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the possible antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced oxidative stress and liver damage in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were pretreated with Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool for 10 days and were challenged with CCl 4 (1:1 v/v) in olive oil on the 10 th day. After 24 h of CCl 4 administration blood was collected and markers of hepatocellular damage aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated. Rats were sacrificed and oxidative stress in liver was estimated using malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Results: CCl 4 caused a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, hepatic MDA and GSH levels, whereas the SOD and catalase activities were decreased. Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool pretreatment attenuated the MDA, AST ALT levels and increased the activities of SOD and catalase. Conclusion: Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool demonstrated antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects and plausibly be used in the amelioration of oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Oxidative stress, Phytocee{\texttrademark} Cool}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138284}, author = {Joshua Allan Joseph and Usha Parackal Thachappully Ayyappan and Suja Rani Sasidharan and Sridhar Mutyala and Krishnagouda Shankargouda Goudar and Amit Agarwal} } @article {856, title = {Anticancer Potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {August,2014}, pages = {350-354}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Background: The common treatment for cancer is unfavorable because it causes many detrimental side effects, and lately, there has been a growing resistance toward anticancer drugs, which worsens the future of cancer treatment. Therefore, the focus has now shifted toward natural products, such as spices and plants, among many others, to save the future of cancer treatment. Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) are spices with the highest antioxidant content among natural products. Besides acting as an antioxidant, cloves also possess many other functions, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiseptic, which makes them an ideal natural source to be developed as an anticancer agent. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of cloves toward MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of water extract, ethanol extract, and essential oil of cloves were investigated for their anticancer potential in vitro through a brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and an MTT assay. Results: In both BSLT and MTT assays, the essential oil showed the highest cytotoxic effect, followed by ethanol and water extract. The LD 50 concentration of essential oil in the 24 hr\ BSLT was 37 μg/mL. Furthermore, the IC 50 values in the 24 hr\ and 48 hr\ MTT assays of the essential oil were 36.43 μg/mL and 17.6 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Cloves are natural products with excellent cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells; thus, they are promising sources for the development of anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp lethality test, Clove, cytotoxicity, MCF-7}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.138291}, author = {Parvinnesh S Kumar and Raden M Febriyanti and Ferry F Sofyan and Dimas E Luftimas and Rizky Abdulah} } @article {698, title = {Comparative Assessment on In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi , Gymnema Sylvestre and Capsicum Frutescens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {December,2013}, pages = {36-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Background: Averrhoa bilimbi, Gymnema sylvestre and Capsicum frutescens are medicinal plants commonly used as traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activities of Ethanolic extract of A. bilimbi, G. sylvestre and C. frutescens. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated using total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in G. sylvestre (53.63636 ΁ 0.454545 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and C. frutescens (26.66667 ΁ 2.081666 mg/g quercetin equivalent) respectively. Reducing power of the crude ethanol extracts increased with the concentrations of the extracts and all the extracts showed moderate free radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The plant extract displayed moderate phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to gallic acid and quercetin equivalent respectively, whereas also exhibited significant scavenging of DPPH radical and reducing power compared with ascorbic acid as standard. Conclusion: Our study suggests that G. sylvestre has significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant compound of this plant might be a therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress related diseases. Different sub-fraction of A. bilimbi and C. frutescens should be studied further to assess the effect. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of the active antioxidant agents for better treatment.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Free radical, G. sylvestre, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.122915}, author = {Md. Mominur Rahman and Md. Razibul Habib and Md. Anayet Hasan and Mohammad Al Amin and Ayan Saha and Adnan Mannan} } @article {620, title = {New Triterpenoid Acyl Derivatives and Biological Study of Manilkara Zapota (L.) Van Royen Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {55-59}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

β-amyrin-3-(3{\textquoteright}-dimethyl) butyrate, a new natural compound was isolated from the fruits of\ Manilkara zapota\ (L.) Van Royen, in addition to lupeol-3-acetate and 4-caffeoylquinic acid (cryptochlorogenic acid). The structures of these compounds were identified using different spectral methods (IR, MS, UV,\ 1\ H-NMR,\ 13\ C-NMR and 2D-NMR). The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the unripe fruits, in addition to their aqueous homogenate exhibited antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities.

}, keywords = {4-caffeoylquinic acid, Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic, Lupeol-3-acetate, Manilkara zapota, β-amyrin-3-(3'-dimethyl)butyrate}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110505}, author = {Nesrin M Fayek and Azza R Abdel Monem and Mohamed Y Mossa, and Meselhy R Meselhy} } @article {626, title = {Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivities of Albizia Anthelmintica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {April 2013}, pages = {80-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Background:Albizia\ species are rich in phenolics and terpenes in the different plant organs. They are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. So this study investigated the phytochemical and biological activities of\ AlbiziaAnthelmintica.\ Materials and Methods:\ Column chromatography has been performed for the isolation of compounds. Bioactivity studies of\ A. anthelmintica\ leaves were carried out on aqueous ethanol extract and some pure compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities.\ Results:\ Eight compounds have been isolated for the first time from\ A. anthelmintica. The aqueous ethanol extract of\ A. anthelmintica\ showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity and significant for both analgesic and antioxidant activities. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-(6β-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) exhibited potent antioxidant scavenging activity towards diphenyl-picrylhydrazine.

}, keywords = {Albizia anthelmintica, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Diphenyl-picrylhydrazine, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.110530}, author = {Tahia K Mohamed and Mahmoud I Nassar and Ahmed H Gaara and Walaa A El-Kashak and I{\~n}aki Brouard and Sayed A El-Toumy} } @article {652, title = {Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaf Essential Oil and its Constituents Furanodienone and Curzerenone from Lindera pulcherrima (Nees.) Benth. ex hook. f.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {80-84}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Lindera pulcherrima (Nees.) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Family: Lauraceae), an evergreen shrub, is an important medicinal plant distributed in temperate Himalayan regions. The leaves and bark are used as spice in cold, fever, and cough. Materials and Methods: In this study, the terpenoid composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the leaf essential oil and its major constituents are being analyzed. Conclusion: The in vitro antioxidant activity showed a potent free radical scavenging activity for the essential oil as evidenced by a low IC 50 value for DPPH radical followed by furanodienone (0.087 {\textpm} 0.03 and 1.164 {\textpm} 0.58 mg/ml respectively) and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation for the oil and furanodienone also followed the same order (IC 50 0.74 {\textpm} 0.13 and 2.12 {\textpm} 0.49 mg/ml, respectively). The oil and the constituents were also tested against three Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica enterica, and (Pasturella multocida) and one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The essential oil was effective against S. aureus (IZ = 19.0 {\textpm} 0.34; MIC 3.90 μl/ml) while furanodienone showed potent activity against E. coli and S. enterica enterica (IZ = 18.0 {\textpm} 0.14 and 16.0 {\textpm} 0.10 respectively). On the other hand, curzerenone was found to be slightly effective against E. coli (IZ = 10.8 {\textpm} 0.52). The MIC value of the essential oil was least against S. aureus (MIC = 3.90 μl/ml) and that of furanodienone against E. coli (MIC = 3.90 μl/m

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Curzerenone, Furanodienone, Lauraceae, Lindera.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.94721}, author = {Subhash C Joshi and Chandra S Mathela} } @article {656, title = {Chemical and Biological Study of Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen Leaves (Sapotaceae) Cultivated in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {85-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Background: Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen is an evergreen tree, native to the tropical Americas and introduced to Egypt as a fruiting tree in 2002. No previous study was reported on the plant cultivated in Egypt. Materials and Methods: In this study, the leaves of the plant cultivated in Egypt were subjected to phytochemical and biological investigations. The lipoidal matter was analyzed by GLC. Five compounds were isolated from the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions of the alcoholic extract of the leaves by chromatographic fractionation on silica gel and sephadex, the structures of these compounds were identified using IR, UV, MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. The LD 50 of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the leaves was determined and their antihyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities were tested by enzymatic colorimetric methods using specific kits. Results: Unsaturated fatty acids represent 32.32 \% of the total fatty acids, oleic acid (13.95\%), linoleidic acid (10.18 \%) and linoleic acid (5.96 \%) were the major ones. The isolated compounds were identified as lupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, apigenin-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside and caffeic acid. This is the first report about isolation of these compounds from Manilkara zapota except myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, which was previously isolated from the plant growing abroad. The LD 50 recorded 80 g/Kg b. wt. for both the tested extracts, so they could be considered to be safe. They exhibited antihyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The observed biological activities were attributed to the different chemical constituents present in the plant mainly its phenolic constituents.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Hypocholesterolemic, Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen, triterpenes}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.94723}, author = {Nesrin M Fayek and Azza R Abdel Monem and Mohamed Y Mossa and Meselhy R Meselhy and Amani H Shazly} } @article {669, title = {Screening Togolese Medicinal Plants for Few Pharmacological Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {116-122}, chapter = {116}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia macroptera Guill. et Perr. (Combretaceae), Sida alba L. (Malvaceae), Prosopis africana Guill et Perr. Taub. (Mimosaceae), Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), and Vetiveria nigritana Stapf. (Asteraceae) are traditionally used in Togolese folk medicine to treat several diseases including microbial infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic properties of the crude extracts of the above-mentioned plants. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial and the antioxidant activities were assayed using the NCCLS microdilution method and the DPPH free radical scavenging, respectively. Human A+ red blood cells were used to perform the hemolytic assay. Phenolics were further quantified in the extracts using spectrophotometric methods. Results: Minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 230-1800 μg/ml were recorded in the NCCLS broth microdilution for both bacterial and fungal strains with methanol extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay yielded interesting antioxidant activities of the extracts of P. africana and T. macroptera (IC 50 values of 0.003 {\textpm} 0.00 μg/ml and 0.05 {\textpm} 0.03 μg/ml, respectively). These activities were positively correlated with the total phenolic contents and negatively correlated with the proanthocyanidin content of the extracts. The hemolytic assay revealed that great hemolysis occurred with the methanol extracts of T. macroptera, S. longepedunculata, and B. ferruginea. Conclusion: These results support in part the use of the selected plants in the treatment of microbial infections. In addition, the plant showed an interesting antioxidant activity that could be useful in the management of oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Phenolics}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.94737}, author = {Simplice D Karou and Tchadjobo Tchacondo and Micheline Agassounon Djikpo Tchibozo and Kokou Anani and Lassina Ouattara and Jacques Simpore and Comlan de Souza} } @article {621, title = {Sub-acute Effect of N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME) on Biochemical Indices ins Rats: Protective Effects of Kolaviron and Extract of Curcuma longa L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {July,2012}, pages = {127-133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = { 127}, abstract = {

Background: Kolaviron (KV) (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola) and extract of Curcuma longa (CL) are frequently used in folk medicine for treatment of hypertension. One of their mechanisms of action is to enhance antioxidant properties in animals. NG- nitro- l- arginine methyl- ester (L- NAME) is L- arginine analogue, which by binding to Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) may induce hypertension partly due to increase in tissues oxidative stress. Objectives: To investigate the effect of L- NAME on some biochemical indices and the possible protective effect of KV or CL. Materials and Methods: Four groups consisting of 6 rats each were used. One group served as control, second group received L- NAME (40 mg/kg/day). Third and fourth groups were treated with KV and CL, respectively and also received L- NAME. KV and CL were given at a dose of 200 mg/ kg/day. Results: L- NAME caused a significant (P \<0.05) increase in the levels of serum urea, creatine kinase and alanine aminotransferase relative to controls. L- NAME treated rats had markedly decreased hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione- S- transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Precisely, L- NAME decreased CAT, SOD, GST and GSH by 48, 52, 76 and 40\%, respectively. L- NAME intoxication significantly decreased (P \<0.05) renal GSH and SOD levels. Also, L- NAME caused a significant (P \<0.05) induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the animals. Administration of KV or CL with L- NAME caused significant (P \<0.05) inhibition of LPO and augments tissue antioxidant indices. Conclusion: These results confirm the adverse effect of L- NAME on biochemical indices and, the ability of kolaviron or Curcuma longato ameliorate the alterations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Biochemical indices, Curcuma longa, Kolaviron, NG - nitro- l- arginine methyl ester}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.99071}, author = {Pronobesh Chattopadhyay and Soilyadhar Hazarika and Sunil Dhiman and Aadesh Upadhyay and Anurag Pandey and Sanjeev Karmakar and Lokendra Singh} } @article {938, title = {Amelioration of nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity by the ethanol extract of the herb Euphorbia hirta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {September 2011}, pages = {201-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {201}, abstract = {

Background: Euphorbia hirta (L.) (Euphorbiaceae) is a very popular herb amongst practitioners of traditional medicine and used in the treatment of female disorders, respiratory ailments, tumors, jaundice, digestive problems, wounds, etc. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of E. hirta against nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The nephroprotective activity of the ethanol extract of E. hirta (400 mg/kg body weight) was studied in nitrobenzene-induced albino rats (1000 mg/kg body weight). The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols and vitamin C in the kidney tissues were determined. Histopathologic investigation was performed in the kidney tissue samples. Results: Nitrobenzene administration significantly (P \< 0.01) enhanced the lipid peroxidation and significantly (P \< 0.05) depleted the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GSH, total thiols and vitamin C. Treatment with the ethanol extract of E. hirta significantly normalized the antioxidant levels. The nephroprotective activity was also supported by histopathologic studies of kidney tissue. Conclusion: The results indicate that the ethanol extract of E. hirta ameliorates renal dysfunction and could be used as an effective protector against nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily through its antioxidant capacity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Euphorbia hirta, Histopathology, Nephrotoxicity, nitrobenzene}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.85009}, author = {Subramanian Suganya and Dominic Sophia and Chinthamony Arul Raj and Muthaiyan Ahalliya Rathi and Lakshmanan Thirumoorthi and Periyasamy Meenakshi and Dugganaboyana Guru Kumar and Velliyur Kanniyapan Gopalakrishnan} } @article {910, title = {Antibacterial, anti-infl ammatory, and antioxidant effects of the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae): A comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {September 2011}, pages = {166-172}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {166}, abstract = {

Background: Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) have traditional uses in the management of conditions characterized by infections, inflammatory disorders and oxidative stress. The paper aims to report the comparative data on the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis with respect to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effects of the 70\% ethanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model in 7-day old cockerels. Using the DPPH free radical scavenging, total antioxidant and total phenol content assays, the antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed. Results: The bark extract had the higher antibacterial effect against 6 of the 8 microorganisms used. Noteworthy are its activity against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis with lowest MIC value of 500 ΅g/mL respectively. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, both extracts reduced the carrageenan-induced oedema in 7-day old cockerels. Based on the ED50 values, both extracts demonstrated similar potencies (ED50 =21.00 mg/kg). The stem bark extract exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 1.392 mg/mL) compared to the leaf extract (IC50 = 9.509 mg/mL). In the total phenol content, the bark extract showed higher content (15.91 mg/g of dry mass) compared to the leaf extract (2.68 mg/g dry mass). Both extracts demonstrated equal potencies in the total antioxidant capacity determinations (0.60 mg/g dry weight of extract). Conclusions: The results of this work provide scientific evidence for the traditional uses of Glyphaea brevis.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Carrageenan-induced oedema, Free radical, Glyphaea brevis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.85001}, author = {RA Dickson and E Ekuadzi and K Annan and G Komlaga} } @article {902, title = {Antioxidant, cytotoxic, antitumor, and protective DNA damage metabolites from the red sea brown alga Sargassum sp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {September 2011}, pages = {160-165}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Background: Macroalgae can be viewed as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources owing to their capability of producing compounds for its protection from environmental factors such as heat, pollution, stress, oxygen concentration, and UV radiations. Objective: To isolate major compounds which are mainly responsible for the pharmacological activity of brown alga under investigation, Sargassum sp. Materials and Methods: Algal material was air dried, extracted with a mixture of organic solvents, and fractionated with different adsorbents. The structures of obtained pure compounds were elucidated with different spectroscopic techniques, and two pure materials were tested for protection of DNA from damage, antioxidant, antitumor, and cytotoxicity. Results: Four pure compounds were obtained, of which fucosterol (1) and fucoxanthin (4) were tested; it was found that fucoxanthin has strong antioxidant and cytotoxicity against breast cancer (MCF-7) with IC 50 = 11.5 ΅g/ml. Conclusion: The naturally highly conjugated safe compound fucoxanthin could be used as antioxidant and as an antitumor compound.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Fucoxanthin, Sargassum sp}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.85000}, author = {Seif-Eldin N Ayyad and Saleh T Ezmirly and Salim A Basaif and Walied M Alarif and Adel F Badria and Farid A Badria} } @article {714, title = {Anti-ulcerogenic and in vitro antioxidant activities of Lagenaria breviflora (LB) whole fruit ethanolic extract in laboratory animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {April 2011}, pages = {02-08}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {02}, abstract = {

Background:\ The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of\ Lagenaria breviflora\ (EELB) whole fruit in laboratory rats.\ Methods:\ The anti-ulcer property of the ethanolic extract of the whole fruit of\ Lagenaria breviflora\ (LB) was assessed using the cold-restraint stress-induced (CRU) gastric ulcer, pyloric ligation-induced (PL) gastric ulcer, aspirin-induced (ASP) gastric ulcer and alcohol-induced (AL) gastric ulcer models. The scavenging activity of the LB extract was examined with 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion scavenging models.\ Results:\ EELB (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, b.w.) protected against the CRU gastric ulcer dose dependently. Similarly, 150 mg/kg b.w. of the LB extract protected against the PL gastric ulcer, ASP gastric ulcer and AL gastric ulcer and was comparable to omeprazole (10 mg/kg b.w.) or Suscralfate (500 mg/kg b.w.), respectively. The\ in vitro\ antioxidant activity of LB was demonstrated by its ability to quench free radicals generated by nitric oxide and superoxide anion with a concomitant scavenging potential against DPPH-induced radical formation.\ Conclusion:\ Taken together, the study showed that the whole fruit extract possess potent anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer, Antioxidant, free radical scavenger}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.79108}, author = {SA Onasanwo and Neetu Singh and AB Saba and AA Oyagbemi and OA Oridupa and Gautam Palit} } @article {749, title = {Colon-targeted quercetin delivery using natural polymer to enhance its bioavailability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {3}, year = {2011}, month = {April 2011}, pages = {35-39}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study is to develop a polymer (Guar Gum)-based matrix tablet (using quercetin as a model drug) with sufficient mechanical strength, and promising\ in vitro\ mouth-to-colon release profile. By definition, an oral colonic delivery system should retard drug release in the stomach and small intestine, and allow complete release in the colon. By drug delivery to the colon would therefore ensure direct treatment at the disease site, lower dosing, and fewer systemic side effects. Quercetin is antioxidant in nature and used to treat colon cancer, but they have poor absorption in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). As a site for drug delivery, the colon offers a near neutral pH, reduced digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time, and an increased responsiveness to absorption enhancers. By achieving a colon-targeted drug delivery system, the absorption of quercetin may be increased, which leads to better bioactivity in fewer doses.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Colon cancer, Guar gum, Quercetin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.79113}, author = {Anil Singhal and Jain H and Vipin Singhal and Edwin J. Elias and Ahmad Showkat} } @article {800, title = {Antimicrobial Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compounds from Six wild Edible Mushrooms of Western Ghats of Karnataka, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {May 2010}, pages = {107-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Methanolic extracts of 6 wild edible mushrooms isolated from the Western Ghats of Karnataka were used in this study. Among the isolates (Lycoperdon perlatum, Cantharellus cibarius, Clavaria vermiculris, Ramaria formosa, Marasmius oreades, Pleurotus pulmonarius), only 4 showed satisfactory results. Quantitative analysis of bioactive components revealed that total phenols are the major bioactive component found in extracts of isolates expressed as mg of GAE per gram of fruit body, which ranged from 3.20 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/mL to 6.25 {\textpm} 0.08 mg/mL. Average concentration of flavonoid ranged from 0.40 {\textpm} 0.052 mg/mL to 2.54 {\textpm} 0.08 mg/mL; followed by very small concentration of ascorbic acid (range, 0.06 {\textpm} 0.01 mg/mL to 0.16 {\textpm} 0.01 mg/mL) in all the isolates. All the isolates showed high phenol and flavonoid content, but ascorbic acid content was found in traces. Antioxidant efficiency by inhibitory concentration on 1,1-Diphenly-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was found significant when compared to standard antioxidant like Buthylated hydroxyanisol (BHA). The concentration (IC 50 ) ranged from 0.94 {\textpm} 0.27 mg/mL to 7.57 {\textpm} 0.21 mg/mL. Determination of antimicrobial activity profile of all the isolates tested against a panel of standard pathogenic bacteria and fungi indicated that the concentrations of bioactive components directly influence the antimicrobial capability of the isolates. Agar diffusion assay showed considerable activity against all bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of the extracts of 4 isolates showed that they are also active even in least concentrations. These results are discussed in relation to therapeutic value of the studied mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Agar diffusion assay, Antioxidant, Bioactive, DPPH mushrooms, in-vitro, Western Ghats}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.62953}, author = {Ch. Ramesh and Manohar G Pattar} } @article {770, title = {Wound Healing Properties and Kill Kinetics of Clerodendron splendens G. Don, a Ghanaian Wound Healing Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {May 2010}, pages = {63-68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

As part of our general objective of investigating indigenous plants used in wound healing in Ghana, we hereby report our findings from some in vitro and in vivo studies related to wound healing activities of Clerodendron splendens G. Don (Verbanaceae). Methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the plant was tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Micrococcus flavus, as well as resistant strains of Staph. aureus SA1199B, RN4220 and XU212), Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteous mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Candida albicans using the micro-well dilution method. Survivor-time studies of the microorganisms, radical scavenging activity using 2,2{\textquoteright}-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and various in vivo wound healing activity studies were also conducted on the extract. The extract exhibited biostatic action against all the test microorganisms with a Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) ranging between 64 and 512 μg/ml and a free radical scavenging property with an IC 50 value of 103.2 μg/ml. The results of the in vivo wound healing tests showed that upon application of C. splendens ointment, there was a reduction in the epithelization period from 26.7 days (control) to 13.6 days along with a marked decrease in the scar area from 54.2 mm 2 (control) to 25.2 mm 2 . Significant increase in the tensile strength and hydroxyproline content were also observed as compared to the control and was comparable to nitrofurazone. The above results appear to justify the traditional use of C. splendens in wound healing and treatment of skin infections in Ghana.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Biostatic, Clerodendron splendens, Wound healing}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.62948}, author = {Stephen Y Gbedema and Kisseih Emelia and Adu Francis and Annan Kofi and Woode Eric} } @article {903, title = {Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Active Fraction from the Aqueous Extract of Momordica cymbalaria fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {352-358}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

The methanolic supernatant fraction (MSF) of the aqueous extract of Momordica cymbalaria fruits when given to streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats showed a significant reduction (65.9\%, P\<0.001) in fasting blood glucose levels at a dose of 0.5g/kg.b.w. These results were compared to that of glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent. The active MSF exhibited a dose dependent scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenly-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and nitric oxide radicals with an IC50 value of 42.5 and 157.2μg/ml, respectively. Further, the MSF had relatively lower reducing power, compared to that of ascorbic acid. The total phenolic content of the fraction was found to be 132mg/gm of dry fraction. In conclusion, MSF possess antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, which could be due to the presence of steroidal glycosides or phenolic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Momordica cymbalaria, Streptozotocin}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Rajasekhar M.D and Ramesh Babu K and Vinay K and Sampath M.R and Sameena S.K and Apparao Ch} } @article {772, title = {Biological activity of Crambe orientalis L. growing in Iran}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {125-129}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {125}, abstract = {

Crambe orientalis (Brassicaceae) is a perennial herb growing wild in Iran. Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic effects of the plant leaves extracts have been evaluated by MTT, DPPH, Disc diffusion and lettuce assays, respectively. Our results showed that dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the plant leaves exhibited high cytotoxic effects against Mc-Coy cell line with IC50 value of 659 and 432 -g/ml, respectively. The extracts indicated high antioxidant activity with RC50 value of 33.3 and 40.5 -g/ml, respectively. Methanol extract showed strong antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All the extracts displayed significant allelopatic potential, as well as. It is assumed that biological activity of the plant may be related to presence of isothiocyanates in the plant leaves.

}, keywords = {Allelopathy, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Crambe orientalis, Cytotoxic}, doi = {Nil}, author = {S. M. Razavi and G. Zarrini and S. Zahri and K. Ghasemi and S. Mohammadi} } @article {827, title = {Evaluation of extracts of leaf of three Ficus deltoidea varieties for antioxidant activities and secondary metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {216-223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Present study aimed to investigate alcoholic and aqueous extracts of three varieties of Ficus deltoidea for antioxidant activity using in vitro models such as free radical scavenging activity, reduction power of iron (III), superoxide anion (O2-) scavenging, xanthine oxidase (XOD), nitric oxide (NO{\textperiodcentered}) and lipid peroxidation. The total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were estimated using colorimetry in order to investigate their correlation with antioxidant activities. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of different varieties of the plant exhibited different radical scavenging activities in different models (P\<0.05). Both the types of extracts displayed high antioxidant activity in DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging models, and the activity was comparable to quercetin, rutin, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ascorbic acid and allopurinol. A correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. The results of this study indicate that the extracts of Ficus deltoidea possess promising antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ficus deltoidea, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Tannins}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Abdullah Zunoliza and Hussain Khalid and Ismail Zhari and Mat Ali Rasadah and Pisar Mazura and Jamaludin Fadzureena and Sahdan Rohana} } @article {935, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Effect of Rosa canina in Different Antioxidant Test Systems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {417-420}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Rosa canina L. has been used since ancient times as a natural product and believed to be safe and almost without side effects. It can be administered easily for some diseases. The actual dose of Rosa canina being consumed is often variable, unpredictable or simply unknown. Therefore, in this study, five different (1\%, 2\%, 3\%, 4\%, 8\%) concentrations of Rosa canina infusions were used to determine the optimum antioxidant dose of Rosa canina by using different in vitro test systems. Our results suggest that Rosa canina has the potential to be used as an antioxidant substance at 3\% concentration. Therefore, it can be suitable to achieve this concentration at tissue level when used as a supplement to therapeutic regimens and for healthy living.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DNA Damage, in vitro, Rosa canina}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Hasan Kili{\c c}g{\"u}n and Altiner Dehen} } @article {806, title = {Iron in Highbush Blueberries and It{\textquoteright}s Effect in Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {166-171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {166}, abstract = {

Blueberries are well known for their antioxidant property, due to the polyphenolics present in these fruits. The antioxidant activity of blueberries is usually measured by colorimetric assays involving metals such as iron, copper. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) assay was previously studied on blueberry fractions which has metmyoglobulin (protein bound iron) in its +3 oxidation state to assess the antioxidant activity of compounds. Studies showed that the amount of iron in highbush blueberries is too low to have a significant effect on the antioxidant activity measured by the TAS assay. A short comparative study was also performed using ascorbic acid in TAS assay and bathocuproine copper complex assay for a quick, inexpensive, rapid analysis of crude screening for antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Blueberries, Iron}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Kota Radhika and DerMarderosian Ara} } @article {821, title = {Modulatory Effect of Erythrina vareigata on Experimental Hyperlipidaemia in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {202-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Erythrina vareigata is a medium sized quick growing tree found distributed in deciduous forests throughout India. Its leaves are eaten as a pot herb and different parts of the plant have folkloric reputation as an anti inflammatory in India, China and South east Asia. Bark, wood, root and flowers are richly represented by isoflavones, pterocarpans and biphenyls. Current investigations were aimed at evaluating the hypolipidaemic activity of this popular hypolipidaemic siddha drug. Its nutritive value was estimated by standard reported methods. Ethyl acetate extract of the dried leaves were analyzed for total phenol content by Folin Ciocalteau and Titanium tetrachloride method. Its in vitro anti oxidant activity was assessed by DPPH, NO and trichloroacetic acid based reducing power method. Male wistar rats were subjected to high fat diet induced (HFD) hyperlipidaemia concurrent with extract administration for 60 days. While normal control group received standard pellet diet, Positive control group was on HFD only. At the end of experimentation, blood was collected for serum estimation of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and atherogenic index. The extract had a high total phenol content, beneficially altered lipid parameters and reduced body weight of experimental animals. The leaves are rich in protein, minerals, vitamins and low in carbohydrate and fat. Anti oxidant activity of the polyphenols present in the extract might be mediating the observed hypoplipidaemia. This study validated the traditional medicine claims of its anti obesity effect as well as folkloric tutelage of consumption of leaves as a green vegetable.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Erythrina vareigata, Hypolipidaemic, Phenolic content, Pot herb}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Mangathayaru K and Balakrishna K and Kuruvilla Sarah and Reddy C Uma Maheshwara} }