@article {1091, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Evaluation of Sansevieria cylindrica Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {412-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {412}, abstract = {

Aim and Objectives: The exploitation, adulteration and substitution of herbs is major hurdle for development of commercial natural products. Thus, the microscopic evaluation is the first step towards standardization of medicinal plant. A leaf from Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook is examined both macroscopically and microscopically in the current study. Materials and Methods: Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook (Asparagaceae) is an indoor ornamental plant. Macroscopic characteristics viz. size and shape, colour, odour and taste were studied. Microscopic evaluations were performed by means of high-resolution microscope. Anatomy of the leaves was examined by following standard method of section cutting. Results: The macroscopic assessment showed that the plant leaves are light to dark green in colour having highly fibrous structure. Stomatal constants of 230, 19.6\% stomatal index, 53.34/mm2 vein islet number, and 79.12/mm2 vein termination number were noted in the leaves. Anomocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, xylem fibres, oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. were all revealed in detailed microscopy. Conclusion: The macroscopic and microscopic findings of the Sansevieria cylindrica leaf are applicable for standardization and authentication of plant.

}, keywords = {Microscopy, Purity etc, Quality, Sansevieria cylindrica, Stomata, Xylem}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.60}, author = {Sunil Shewale and Vaishali Undale and Maruti Shelar and Bhushan Pimple and Mohini Kuchekar and Vrushali Bhalchim} } @article {1068, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluations of Leaves and Rootback of Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. Ex Keay (False Shea)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {310-315}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study sought to establish quality control parameters of a locally and ubiquitously occurring medicinal plant, Lophira lanceolata which is utilized as folk medicine among the local communities in Northern Nigeria as well as other regions, due to its therapeutic indication mainly as an aphrodisiac, among other uses. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostically, different types of evaluations were carried out that focuses on organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, chemical evaluations as well as heavy metal assessments using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies revealed some features of the leaves as green and oblanceolate, pinnate venation, with an average leaf size length and width of 14-15 and 4-5 cm respectively. The root has a light pale-brown outer surface and a reddish-brown inner surface. The outer surface was soft and dry while the inner surface was moist and smooth. Leaf microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic or cruciferous type of stomata while both the rootbark and leaves are not devoid of common ergastic cell contents of calcium oxalate, lignin, starch, protein and tannin. Phytochemical evaluations revealed abundance of phytoconstituent that are richly phenolic of the types of saponin, tannin, triterpenoid, flavonoid, glycosides, diterpenoids, alkaloid, steroid, anthraquinones and phenols etc. Physicochemical evaluations showed a good source of mineral content of carbohydrate (35.93 {\textpm} 1.9199 for leaves and 33.58 {\textpm} 1.6791 for rootbark), Ash (9.33 {\textpm} 0.4714 for leaves and 7.17 {\textpm} 0.2358 for rootbark) in the plant. Heavy metal analysis of the leaves and rootbark investigated for Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Mercury showed that their concentrations were within the WHO (2002) permissible limits. Conclusion: This study provides the scientific data for the proper identification and establishment of standards for the use of the plant, Lophira lanceolata (False shea).

}, keywords = {Chloral hydrate, Evaluation, Heavy metals, Lophira lanceolata, Standardization, Stomata}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.45}, author = {Mathias Sylvester Nefai and Adamu Aliyu Aliero and Waziri Altine Fakka and Bilkisu Umar Jaja} } @article {53, title = {Foliar Epidermal Study on Selected Medicinal Plants Used in Homeopathy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {75-81}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Background:\ Homeopathy is a complementary alternative medicine system which was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in Europe in the last part of the eighteenth century. In homeopathy, drugs are obtained from various source materials such as plants, chemicals, minerals, and animals. However, plants are the major source and about 65\% of medicines homeopathic medicines obtained from plants (HPI Vol. I to XI). Authentication and identification of genuine drugs is major concern for manufacturing units/industries. The present study will help to add key parameters in the identification of drugs.\ Objective:\ The objective of this study is to characterize the foliar epidermal characteristics of selected plants used in homeopathy.\ Materials and Methods:\ The foliar epidermal studies of\ Aegle marmelos\ (L.) Corr{\^e}a,\ Bryophyllum calycinum\ Salisb.,\ Cannabis indica\ Lam.,\ Cephalandra indica\ (Wight and Arn.) Naudin,\ Eucalyptus globulus\ Labill.,\ Gaultheria procumbens\ L.,\ Gymnema sylvestre\ (Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm.,\ Justicia adhatoda\ L.,\ Nyctanthes arbor-tristis\ L., and\ Ricinus communis\ L.\ Results:\ The study showed various characteristic features such as presence or absence of hairs or trichomes, trichomes if present were uni to multicellular, types and size of stomata, stomatal index on dorsal and ventral sides, vein-islet per mm2, vein termination per mm2, and presence or absence of idioblasts, etc. All these features will help in the identification and characterization of medicinal plants.\ Conclusion:\ The study revealed that the diversity of foliar characters of the leaf was varying from plant to plant and this variation may be a valuable tool for the authentication and identification of drug.

}, keywords = {Foliar, Homeopathy, Stomata, Vein termination, Vein-islet}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_55_20}, author = {Shilpi Singh and Digvijay Verma} }