@article {1378, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Active Compounds in Hydroethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia sappan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {307-312}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: The presence of phytochemical constituents has been reported from species of the Compositae Caesalpiniaceae. Objectives: The present study was designed to determine the bioactive compounds in the heartwood of hydroethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening of the entire herb of Caesalpinia sappan revealed the presence of some bioactive components. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the heartwood of hydroethanolic extract was performed on GC-MS equipment. Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phlorotannins, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile oils, carbohydrates, protein/amino acids in the hydroethanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan. The GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the hydroethanolic extract of Caesalpinia sappan. A total of 38 compounds were identified. The major components are 9-octadecenoic acid, Oleic Acid, Sarcosine and Dinonanoin. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that Caesalpinia sappan contains various photo components and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan (CS), GC-MS Analysis, Heartwood hydroethanolic extraction, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251348}, author = {Rangenahalli Chidananada Murthy Pooja and Doddla Raghunathanaidu Bharathi} } @article {1348, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in the Different Extracts of the Whole Plant Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {126-132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: The systematic assessment of herbs utilized in the traditional medicine could provide more promising data regarding their therapeutic properties helping to address the increasing need for innovative treatments for infections and illnesses. Considering this perspective, Impatiens minor, an important medicinal plant distributed in the wet wastelands throughout India and also in the wet forests of Western Ghats was selected for our research. Materials and Methods: In this study, the plant I. minor in whole was collected, authenticated and subjected to shade drying for powdering which was done by mechanical grinder. Soxhlation technique was employed for the extraction of powdered plant material using different solvents to prepare the dried extract which was subjected to preliminary phytochemical evaluation and GC-MS analysis. Results: Presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, sterols and carbohydrates was found in the preliminary phytochemical evaluation of different extracts. In the GC-MS analysis, presence of eight major compounds were found in the petroleum ether extract, while the chloroform extract showed the presence of six major compounds and twelve major compounds were found in the ethanol extract. Conclusion: It is worth noting that certain compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis have been documented to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in previous studies. This study has the potential to contribute valuable insights for future in-depth investigations.

}, keywords = {Extraction, GC-MS Analysis, Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet, Preliminary phytochemical evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251952}, author = {Akila Sukumaran and Ansa Mathew and Sebastin Varghese and Ajithbabu Tharackal Kannankutty} } @article {1383, title = {Standardization and GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemicals in Coccinia indica (Wight and Arn.) Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {507-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Background: Coccinia indica, commonly known as the ivy gourd, is traditionally utilized for its diverse medicinal properties. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to standardize and evaluate the fruits of Coccinia indica by identifying the phytochemicals using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Standard methodologies were used for the standardization, including macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical evaluations and phytochemical screening. Additionally, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify key components in the plant extract and its fractions. Results: The T.S. of the fruits of C. indica showed a single epicarp, mesocarp and several fibro-vascular bundles, while the T.S. of the seed revealed the presence of a testa, tegmen, embryo, starch grains and several oil globules. The main findings were as follows: total ash 16.52{\textpm}0.13\% w/w, water-soluble ash 11.35{\textpm}0.12\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 1.45{\textpm}0.06\% w/w, water-soluble extractive value 18.45{\textpm}0.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive value 8.80{\textpm}0.11\% w/w, moisture content 7.33{\textpm}0.08\% w/w and the pH of the aqueous extract was 5.63{\textpm}0.07 (1\% w/v) and 5.79{\textpm}0.09 (10\% w/v). Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis identified more than forty notable chemicals in the methanol extract and fractions of chloroform and hexane. Conclusion: This study provides key insights into the standardization of C. indica fruits and identifies 43 major secondary metabolites through GC-MS analysis. Notable compounds include taraxerone, squalene, lupeol and piperine, all with potential therapeutic benefits. Moreover, the choice of solvent for extraction and fractionation significantly influenced the phytochemical profile and concentrations.

}, keywords = {Coccinia indica, Evaluation, GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251942}, author = {Shadab Alam and Mohammad Irfan Khan and Badruddeen B and Juber Akhtar and Mohammad Ahmad and Mohammad Dabeer Ahmad} } @article {1266, title = {Identification of Bioactive Ingredients of Traditional Medicinal Plants Psiadia arabica Jaub. Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta by GC-MS in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {570-573}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study identified the main bioactive constituents extracted from a mixture containing four plant extracts. Four Saudi Traditional Medicinal plant extracts containing Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were identified using GC-Mass. Materials and Methods: The samples Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were collected from various regions of Saudi Arabia. The air-dried parts of each plant were powdered and soaked in methanol for 24 hr, except Psiadia arabica Jaub in chloroform. After that, it was obtaining the concentration plant extract through a rotary evaporator. The mixture of plant extracts was analyzed by GC-MS spectrometry. Results: The most abundant compounds identified including heneicosane (7.3\%), tetradecane 4,11-dimethyl- (7.11\%), Phytol (1.5\%), dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- (1.9\%) and hexadecane (1.1\%), while the lowest concentrations were observed for 10-methylnonadecane, n-hexadecane, tridecane, 2-methyl-, Naphthalene, 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- and Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-. One of the main constituents noticed in the combination of four plants was heneicosane, which exhibits a strong antimicrobial effect. In addition, phytol showed multiple effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ant nociceptive, anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating and immune-modulating. Conclusion: These functional molecules identified are known to have different biological activities as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and antidiabetic. Further studies needed to investigate the mechanism of action through signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Bioactive ingredients, GC-MS Analysis, Psiadia arabica Jaub, Rhazya stricta, Saudi Arabia, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.67}, author = {Taha A. Kumosani and Abeer Alnefayee and Elie Barbour and Mohammed Qari and Tarek Ahmed and Said Salama Moselh} } @article {995, title = {GC-MS analysis of Phytocomponents in the Methanol Extract of Premna latifolia Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: According to existing literature, the genus Premna has a variety of biologically active secondary metabolites, but there are few findings on phytochemical screening of P. latifolia Roxb. Methanolic leaves extract. Objectives: Phytochemical screening of methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia was proposed for this study. Materials and Methods: UV-chamber, HPTLC instrument (CAMAG TLC Scanner), and GC-MS instrument (Perkin-Elmer GC- Clarus) were used to analyse methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia. To compare the peaks of components on chromatograms, the NIST library was employed. Results: The current study used GC-MS to identify probable chemical components of P. latifolia. The GC-MS analysis and NIST library comparison revealed that the methanolic extract of P. latifolia contained mainly Squalene (13.57 percent), Ergosta-5, 7, 9 (11), 22-tetraen-3-ol, (3. beta, 22E)-(0.15 percent), Stigmasterol (3.73 percent), gamma-Sitosterol (10.13 percent), Lupeol (0.33), beta-Amyrin (2.27 percent), alpha-Amyrin (2.05 percent), gamma-Sitostenone (0.35 percent), Ursolic aldehyde (1.01 percent) and Betulin (0.72 percent). The biological actions of the majority of the identified components have been reported. While scientific evidence of gamma-sitostenone{\textquoteright}s biological function is still not available. Conclusion: According to the findings, P. latifolia contains a variety of biologically active components, the majority of which are tri-terpenoids and phytosterols.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, HPTLC, Methanolic leaves extract., Phytocomponents TLC, Premna latifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.4}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1414.html}, author = {Rajesh Kumar and Brijesh Kumar and Ashutosh Kumar and Ajay Kumar and Manish Singh} } @article {987, title = {Phytochemical and GC-MS Analysis of Hydro Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ocimum sanctum (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {233-237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Background: The pharmacological efficiency of herbal drugs has shown to be effective as conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Preliminary screening of herbal extracts helps in analysing the bioactive compounds present. Ocimum sanctum, the queen of herbs keeps a spiritual importance in Indian culture and have important place in traditional medicinal system of India. Objectives: The present study was implement to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract of O. sanctum to determine the phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Leaves collected were dried, crushed and mixed with ethanol and water and further applied for extract preparation. The prepare extract was used for phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Results: In qualitative phytochemical analysis tannins, carbohydrate, quinine, anthraquinones, coumarins, phlobatanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, diterpenes, phenols were found present while GC-MS analysis showed Eugenol, Cyclohexane, bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene, Oxatricyclo[ 8.2.0.0(4,6)]dodecane,,12-trimethyl-9-methylene, Tetracontane, Phytol were present in majority. Conclusion: The study concluded that O. sanctum leaf extracts contain many biological active compounds which could be exploited for a development of plant based drug.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, GC-MS Analysis, Herbal drugs, Phenolics, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.16}, author = {Atul Srivastava and Subhashini and Anand Kumar Keshari and Ragini Srivastava} } @article {702, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Lactuca runcinata DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {December,2013}, pages = {58-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: The presence of phytochemical constitutes has been reported from species of the Compositae (Asteraceae). Hitherto no reports exist on the phytochemical components and biological activity of Lactuca runcinata DC. Objective: The present study was designed to determine the bioactive compounds in the whole plant methanol extract of Lactuca runcinata. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening of the entire herb of Lactuca runcinata DC revealed the presence of some bio-active components. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the whole plant methanol extract of Lactuca runcinata was performed on a GC-MS equipment (Thermo Scientific Co.) Thermo GC-TRACE ultra ver.: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ II. Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, phlobatannin, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile oils, carbohydrates, and protein/amino acids in methanolic extract of L. runcinata. The GC-MS analysis has shown the presence of different phytochemical compounds in the methanolic extract of Lactuca runcinata. A total of 21 compounds were identified representing 84.49\% of total methanolic extract composition. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that Lactuca runcinata contains various phytocomponents and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, Lactuca runcinata, Phytochemical screening, Whole plant methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.122919}, author = {Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal and Akalanka Dey and K Satyavathi and P Bhojaraju} } @article {672, title = {Phytochemical Screening Studies on Melia Orientalis by GC-MS Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = {216-218}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Background:Melia orientalis\ (MO) is an important Ayurvedic medicinal plants. The plant part such as leaves and roots are traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes, edema, traumatic swelling, skin diseases, oligospermia and bleeding disorders.\ Objective:\ To investigate the phytochemical identification of ethanol leaf extract of MO.\ Materials and Methods:\ The fresh leaves of MO (1000g) were collected and shade dried at room temperature for 30 days and the dried leaves were made into a fine powder. The ethanol leaf extract obtained was dried and used for phytochemical identification by GC-MS analysis.\ Results:\ The phytochemical screening studies have been carried out and identified ten chemical constituents present in the leaf extract of MO.\ Conclusion:\ Thus, our results show that MO possess important phytocomponents such as phytol, squalene and stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, Medicinal l Pants, Melia Orientalis, Phytocomponents}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112433}, author = {Srinivasan Marimuthu and Balakrishnan Padmaja and Sudarsan Nair} } @article {676, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the Ethanol Extract of Polygonum Chinense L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {december,2011}, pages = {11-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Background: The presence of diverse secondary metabolites has been reported from species of the genus Polygonum. However, there has been not much information available on phytochemical components and biological activity in the whole plant ethanol extract of Polygonum chinense L. Objective: This study was designed to determine the phytocomponents in the whole plant ethanol extract of P. chinense. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis of the whole plant ethanol extract of P. chinense was performed using a Perkin-Elmer GC Clarus 500 system comprising an AOC-20i auto-sampler and a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Results: This investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from P. chinense by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that the ethanol extract of P. chinense (whole plant) contained mainly a triterpene compound-squalene (47.01\%), and a plasticizer compound-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-ethylhexyl]ester (40.30\%). All identified compounds were, generally, reported as having antimicrobial activity. In addition, the squalene compound also having anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, chemo-preventive, pesticidal and sun-screen properties, while the plasticizer compound -1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-ethylhexyl] ester reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. No activity was reported in the alcoholic compound-4-hexene-1-ol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethanyl)-acetate-(R)-. Conclusions: From the results, it is evident that P. chinense contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, Polygonum chinense, Rhytocomponents, Whole plant ethanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.91028}, author = {Bagavathi Perumal Ezhilan and Ramasamy Neelamegam} }