@article {1245, title = {Micromorphology, Physiognomies and Bio-element Analysis of Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {414-422}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {414}, abstract = {

Background: Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. is a glabrous perennial herb having simple, sessile leaf and yellow flower. In Ayurveda it is used as a botanical source of Gojihva. The herb is said to be useful as a Shaka (vegetable) and medicine for various diseases like Raktapitta (hemorrhagic disorders), Shwaasa (breathing problems), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (skin diseases), Vrana (wounds), Visarpa (erysipelas), Prameha (diabetes mellitus), and Aruchi (anorexia). Few researches have also been published on its analgesic, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-diabetic and wound healing but its micromorphology, pharmacognosy, physiochemical and bio-element analysis is not reported yet. Objectives: The present study was carried out to study the micromorphology, pharmacognosy, physiochemical and bio-element analysis for proper identification and authentication of the herb. Materials and Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical, phytochemical parameters and bio-element analysis were done using different chemicals and reagents with standard procedures. Results: The presence of golden yellow latex in the root of the herb is identification characteristic. Calcium oxalate crystals and stone cells were seen in powder study. The GC-MS analysis identified 25 metabolites which comprised of fatty acids, sugars, amino acids etc. HPLC analysis revealed presence of 10 metabolites among which Cichoric acid was found in maximum concentration. Conclusion: The results of the study will help for the proper identification and authentication of the herb.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, GC-MS, Gojihva, HPLC, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.51}, author = {Shivani Ghildiyal and Vishal Kumar and Yashika Bidhuri and Tanuja Manoj Nesari and Debabrata Sircar} } @article {1153, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Male and Female Schinus terebinthifolius}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {484-491}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

Background: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant popularly known as pink pepper tree, commonly used for wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial purposes. Furthermore, its fruit is used in culinary. Objectives: In order to further understand the composition and bioactivities of S. terebinthifolius essential oil from vegetative and reproductive parts of the tree, we evaluated the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of Essential Oils (EO) obtained from different aerial parts of male and female plants. Materials and Methods: The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation; the antioxidant activity was evaluated via two in vitro assays with different mechanisms of action (DPPH and ORACFL) and the chemical composition was determined via GC-MS. Results: The EO from leaf, inflorescence and fruit of S. terebinthifolius showed distinct chemical profiles, yields and antioxidant potentials. Conclusion: The aerial parts of S. terebinthifolius may be used as a natural source of antioxidants, since all samples showed strong antioxidant capacity, mainly in the DPPH assay.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Brazilian Pepper Tree, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.050}, author = {Mara Junqueira Carneiro and Guilherme Perez Pinheiro and Andressa Mara Baseggio and M{\'a}rio Roberto Mar{\'o}stica-J{\'u}nior and Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland Sawaya} } @article {1204, title = {Exploring the Ameliorative Role of Equisetum diffusum D. Don Whole-Plant Methanolic-extract in Acute Inflammation and Molecular Docking Analysis of GC-MS-identified Phytocompounds with Few Prominent Inflammatory Markers/Cytokines for Inspecting the Potent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {82-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Equisetum diffusum D. Don (Fam. Equisetaceae), an important medicinal pteridophyte species has been traditionally used in the treatment of bone fracture, bone dislocation, and arthritis by various tribal communities of India. Objectives: To validate the potent anti-inflammatory properties of the whole plant methanolic-extract (EDME) using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies. Materials and Methods: The EDME was characterized through total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, saponin content and five antioxidant assays. The GC-MS analysis was done to screen the active phyto-constituents followed by in silico molecular docking studies with inflammatory markers. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring protein denaturation-inhibition test, heat-induced and hypotonicity-induced haemolysis test. Carrageenan-induced paw-edema test was used to determine the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of EDME. Results: Our results showed quite higher tannin content in EDME compared to saponin content, and showed satisfactory phenol and flavonoid contents. From the antioxidant survey, it was found that EDME has the highest activity against ABTS radical and the least against superoxide radical. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of EDME reported the presence of 47 phyto-compounds, out of which few compounds showed good inhibition against Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and IL-6 compared to standard NSAIDs, in molecular docking analysis. In vitro anti-inflammatory studies indicated that EDME inhibits protein denaturation, heat-induced, and hypotonicity-induced haemolysis significantly (p\<0.001) compared to standard drugs. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study of the plant showed 52.26\% and 73.36\% reduction in paw-edema in both protective-dose groups respectively, when compared to the carrageenan control group. Conclusion: Our findings established the anti-inflammatory roles of the whole plant methanolic extract of Equisetum diffusum on strong ground which may lead to drug development for the treatment of inflammation-related complications.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Equisetum diffusum, GC-MS, Inflammation, Molecular docking, Paw edema.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.11}, author = {Sourav Sarkar and Debabrata Modak and Md Salman Haydar and John Johnros Georrge and Soumen Bhattacharjee} } @article {1179, title = {GC-MS, FT-IR, and ICP-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in the Methanolic Leaves Extract of Thalictrum foliolosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {705-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: There are many therapeutic effects of medicinal plants that are used in treating and preventing a variety of diseases. Recently medicinal plants contain many bioactive compounds which are playing an important role in the health sector. The use of herbal medicine is based on the fact that herbal medicines are safe without any ill effects on human health and are easily accessible at minimum cost. However, there is an urgent need to assure the quality and efficacy of the product. Objectives: The main objective of current study directed to characterize possible the phytochemical compounds and mineral elements present in the methanolic leaves extract of the Thalictrum foliolosum plant by using GC-MS, FTIR, and ICP-MS analysis to ensure quality of this medicinally important herb and for a better understanding of its pharmacological claim. Materials and Methods: Thalictrum foliolosum was collected in July and August from the Hatu peak at an elevation of 3400 m in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The fine powder of the plant leaf was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 8 hr. The chemical analysis of bioactive compounds of Thalictrum foliolosum has been evaluated using GC-MS, FTIR and ICP-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis disclosed the presence of 48 compounds which shows various medicinal activities. The major phytoconstituents were Octacosanol (22.37\%), Diethyl Phthalate (22.32\%), Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethyl ester (6.14\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.11\%) and many more which exhibited antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The compounds found in the extract were compared with mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The crude extract was analyzed in a spectrometer Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 and characteristic peaks were recorded indicating various functional groups such as phenol, alkanes, alcohol, amides, and amines are present. The ICP-MS technique was simultaneously used to trace the mineral element and the result revealed the presence of important micronutrients including manganese (1,770.517 ppb), ferrous (22,604.753ppb), zinc (4,322.423 ppb), chromium (491.231), copper (7,048.321ppb) and potassium (450,067.837ppb). These mineral element acts as cofactors for more than 3000 enzymes that regulate various metabolic pathways in the living system. Hence our study provides a huge platform to screen out these bioactive compounds and mineral elements which are used to treat various lethal and lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic leaves extract of Thalictrum foliolosum contains various phytoconstituents which were responsible for various biological activities. The relative concentration of bioactive compounds and mineral elements is reasonable and can be considered for medical purposes.

}, keywords = {FTRI, GC-MS, ICP-MS, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.075}, author = {Sushila Rani and Richa Puri and Pooja Boora and Abul Qasim and Dechan Angmo and Monika Mehta} } @article {1070, title = {Physicochemical Properties and Inhibitory Effects of Oregano Oil against Uropathogenic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {328-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: Natural oil is an aromatic by-product of highly volatile plants. It can be easily extracted from a variety of natural sources using a variety of distillation processes due to its volatility. Oregano oil is a substance derived from the oregano plant, also known as Origanum vulgare. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of oregano oil and to relate them to its chemical composition. Moreover, to examine its antibacterial activity against urinary tract pathogens. Materials and Methods: Commercial natural oregano oil (purity >=98\%) was obtained from Bluray food products operating under the brand name Bluray Food Products. The physico-chemical characteristics of oregano oil were determined using different techniques. GC-MS was used to analyze the chemical properties of oregano oil as well as analysis of saponification value, peroxide value, p- Anisidine value, pH value, and organoleptic properties (color, odor, consistency, nature, and solubility) were performed. Results: According to the results, GC-MS identified 66 different chemicals in oregano oil, accounting for 100\% of the overall composition. It was found that oregano oil has a saponification value of 187.94 mg KOH/g, a peroxide value of 6.22, and a P-Anisidine value of 3.645. In addition, the oil of oregano was found to have inhibitory activity against all uropathogenic bacteria tested. E. coli has an inhibitory zone of 29 mm, P. aeruginosa 27 mm, K. pneumoniae 20 mm, P. mirabilis 22 mm, E. aerogenes 21 mm, E. faecalis 21-mm, A. baumannii 22-mm, N. gonorrhoeae 24-mm, S. aureus 26 mm, and S. epidermis 20-mm. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that oregano oil was found to have optimal antibacterial activities against all tested urinary pathogenic bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, GC-MS, Oregano oil, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.48}, author = {Rana Thamer Hadi Alkhafaji and M. Jayashankar} } @article {794, title = {Constituents of Artemisia indica Willd. from Uttarakhand Himalaya: A source of Davanone}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {May,2014}, pages = {257-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Background: The genus Artemisia is important due to its medicinal properties as well as vital aroma compounds of commercial value. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the potential of the essential oil of Artemisia indica wildly growing in Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of Artemisia indica Willd. (Asteraceae), collected from wild growing habitat of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand (north of India) at full flowering stage were hydro-distilled and gave pale yellow oil with the yield of 0.8\% (v/w). The obtained essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS and identified 32 components, amounting 95.42\% of the oil. Results: Among detected compounds, the principal component was found to be davanone (30.80\%), followed by β-pinene (15.30\%) and germacrene-D (5.82\%). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on A. indica from Himalayan region of India, which detected davanone as major component. The species, collected from a specific location, can be explored for isolation of davanone for its industrial utilization and as alternate source of Artemisia pallens, which have already established commercial value.

}, keywords = {Artemisia indica, Davanone, Essential oil, GC-MS, Himalaya}, doi = { 10.4103/0974-8490.132607}, author = {S. Zafar Haider and Manindra Mohan and Harish Chandra Andola} } @article {653, title = {Extraction, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Analysis and Screening of Fruits of Terminalia Chebula Retz. for its Antimicrobial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = {162-168}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {162}, keywords = {Disc Diffusion Assay, Enterobacter Aerogenes, GC-MS, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Pyrogallol, Terminalia chebula}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112421}, author = {Geeta Singh and Padma Kumar} } @article {660, title = {Volatile Constituents of Saussurea Costus Roots Cultivated in Uttarakhand Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {May 2013}, pages = { 179-182}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Background:Saussurea costus\ (Falc.) Lipschitz, syn\ Saussurea lappa\ C.B. Clarke, one of the best-known species within this genus, is commonly known as costus. Due to the remarkable biological activity of\ S. costus\ and its constituents it will have an appropriate place in various systems of medicines all over the globe.\ Objective:\ The main aim is to study the volatile constituents of\ S costus\ cultivated in Uttarakhand Himalayas.\ Material and Methods:\ The volatile constituents were isolated from the root of\ S costus\ cultivated in Chamoli district of Uttrarakhand by hydro distillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).\ Results:\ A total 35 aroma compounds representing about 92.81\% of the total composition were identified. Aldehyde like (7Z, 10Z, 13Z)-7, 10, 13-hexadecaterinal (25.5\%) was found as a major compound including other ketones like dehydrocostus lactone (16.7\%), alcohols like elemol (5.84\%), γ-costol (1.80\%), vulgarol B (3.14\%), valerenol (4.20\%), and terpinen-4-ol (1.60\%), etc. Esters and acids were found to be completely absent in our samples.\ Conclusion:S. costus\ volatile oil constituents are superior in terms of total identified constituents. Where relative area quantum is higher in Uttarakhand Himalayas samples, when compared with those originated to China and Korea.

}, keywords = {C.B. Clarke, Essential oil, GC-MS, Saussurea Costus}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.112424}, author = {Garima Gwari and Ujjwal Bhandari and Harish Chandra Andola and Hema Lohani and Nirpendra Chauhan} } @article {787, title = {Chemical Investigation of Aerial Parts of Gmelina asiatica Linn by GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

This study was carried out to analyze the active constituents present in aerial parts of Gmelina asiatica Linn. (Verbenaceae). Twenty-two compounds in chloroform extract and 12 compounds in ethanolic extract were identified by Gas Chromatography {\textendash} Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (31.22 \%) was the prevailing compound in chloroform extract and Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether (38.51\%) was the major constituent of ethanolic extract. This is the first report of identification of active constituents from aerial parts of Gmelina asiatica by GC-MS.

}, keywords = {1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester, GC-MS, Gmelina asiatica (Verbenaceae), Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether.}, doi = {Nil}, author = {N. J. Merlin and V. Parthasarathy and R. Manavalan and S. Kumaravel} } @article {808, title = {Essential Oil Composition of the Dracocephalum moldavica L from Xinjiang in China}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {172-174}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

The essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L from Xinjiang in China was isolated by hydrodistillation in yield of 0.15 \%(w/w). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GCMS. Fifty-one compounds accounting for 99.45\% of the total oil were identified. The major components wereα-Citral (32.55\%),β-Citral (23.53\%), Acetic acid, geranial ester(21.32\%), Trans-Geraniol(3.38\%), Nerolacetate(3.38\%), Octane(2.14\%), and 2,4,6-Trimethyl -3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (1.3\%). Monotenepers were the main group of compounds.

}, keywords = {Dracocephalum moldavica L, Essential oil composition, GC-MS}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Tian Shuge and Zhou Xiaoying and Zhang Fan and An Dongqing and Yang Tao} } @article {820, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Terpenes from Ficus mucuso}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {192-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Fractionation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH extract of the stem bark of Ficus mucuso, a western Cameroonian plant species lead to five main fractions from which eleven terpenes previously reported from other species of the genus were identified. These were based on GC-MS analysis and comparison with the Willey database.

}, keywords = {Ficus mucuso, GC-MS, Moraceae, Triterpene}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Djemgou Pierre C and Ngandeu Fran{\c c}ois and Hegazy Mohamed-Elamir F and Nkanwen Eric Rene and Neguim Gilles and Chosson Elisabeth and Verit{\'e} Philippe and Tane Pierre} }