@article {1432, title = {Exploring the Potential of Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants and Phytocompounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {719-727}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {719}, abstract = {

Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disease that prolonged hyperglycemia can cause serious side effects that impact several organs and systems, such as peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. While insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs continue to be useful in controlling hyperglycemia, their inability to address disease-related variables including insulin resistance and hypertension makes the quest for new therapeutic strategies necessary. This has led to a worldwide interest in natural products, especially those derived from plants, which have long been used to treat diabetes. Diabetes has a complicated etiology, necessitating multimodal treatment approaches that may include antidiabetic drug combinations. The potential of plant-derived chemicals as lead molecules for the development of innovative antidiabetic medicines is highlighted in this study, which examines the historical and current roles of natural products in the treatment of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycemic Drugs, Phytocompounds}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252175}, author = {Gaurav Sarsodia and Raghvendra Dubey} } @article {1203, title = {Comparative Therapeutic Evaluation of Insuwin and Insuwin Forte Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {72-81}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Background: The clinical exploration and regulatory approval of herbal formulations requires authenticated preclinical studies. Objectives: This study objective is to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of Insuwin and Insuwin forte polyherbal tablet formulation (Manufactured by SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Company (India) Pvt. Ltd.,) in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Hypoglycemic effect of Insuwin and Insuwin forte tablets were evaluated in normal fasted, oral glucose challenged, and diabetes-induced rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg and nicotinamide 110 mg/kg). Glimepiride (5 mg/ kg orally) was used as standard, Insuwin 194 mg/kg, and Insuwin forte 188 mg/kg test doses were administered for 21 days. After the treatment period, fasting blood glucose levels, serum HbA1c levels, lipid profiles, and biochemical parameters were assessed using standard laboratory techniques. The pancreas histopathology was also carried out. Results: The treatment of Insuwin and Insuwin forte significantly reduces the fasting blood sugar levels in both the normal control and diabetic rats, also Insuwin forte treatment significantly improves the glucose uptake in OGTT, and the abnormal lipid profile like increased total cholesterol, LDL, TG, and decreased HDL in diabetic rats were significantly normalized. Also decreased the elevated serum HbA1c, AST, ALT, and creatinine, additionally Insuwin forte decrease the elevated serum urea in diabetic rats. In histopathology, all the treatments showed better improvement in beta cell regeneration. Conclusion: Based on our results Insuwin and Insuwin forte was effective in diabetes mellitus. In comparison Insuwin forte showed a superior hypoglycemic effect, improve glucose uptake by induced insulin releases, regularize lipid abnormality, better liver and kidney protection, and improve the islet of Langerhans in beta cells. Hence Insuwin forte might be an effective alternative oral hypoglycemic agent for diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Insuwin, Insuwin forte, Oral hypoglycemic agent, Polyherbal tablets.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.10}, author = {Ganesh Thangavel and Suresh Murugesan and Sudhakar Pachiappan and Murugananthan Gopal} } @article {1184, title = {Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) Benth S. Moore Leaves Fractions Attenuate Dyslipidemia and Atherogenic Indices in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic and endocrine disorder, is associated with an impaired lipid profile that can result in increased atherogenic indices. The effects of the aqueous and hexane fractions of C. crepidioides leaves on the lipid profile and atherogenic indices of diabetic rats were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Varied concentrations (50-200 mg/kg body weight) of the aqueous (CAF) and hexane (CHF) fractions of C. crepidioides were assayed against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Histological examinations of the pancreas were carried out using hematoxylin and eosin staining procedures. Experimental rats were randomly divided into 9 groups of 6 rats each and orally treated for 14 days. Results: The tested concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of CAF and CHF significantly (p \< 0.05) reduced plasma glucose (51.3-62.2\%), plasma and liver triglycerides (up to 50.5\% in plasma; 66.1\% in the liver), total cholesterol (up to 49.0\% in plasma; 35.3\% in the liver), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (up to 96.0 and 91.0\% in the plasma and liver), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (up to 50.5\% in plasma; 55.0\% in the liver), and the atherogenic indices elevated by diabetes induction. The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased (plasma: 73.60-127.60\%; liver: 108.70-152.5\%) in CAF and CHF-treated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control. Histological examination showed improved tissue architecture in the pancreas of the diabetic-treated rats compared to the diabetic control. Conclusion: C. crepidioides leaf fractions possess hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic activities. Therefore, the plant could be useful in managing diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular conditions.

}, keywords = {Atherogenic indices, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Histological, Solvent fractions}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.080}, author = {Opeyemi Oluwayemisi Ayodele and Funmilayo Dorcas Onajobi and Emeka Emea Okoro and Omolaja Osoniyi} } @article {1164, title = {Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Tablet Dosage form of Unani Anti-diabetic Powder Containing Gymnema sylvestre R. Br, Syzygium cuminii Linn. and Zingiber officinale Rosc.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {566-577}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {566}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease, adult blindness etc. The side effects and resistance of conventional medicines for DM had put forward a need to develop an effective antidiabetic formulation with the aid of traditional medicine. Modification of dosage form in traditional system of medicine for palatability and portability is the need of hour. The antidiabetic safoof(powder) formulation containing Gurmar buti(Gymnema sylvestre R.Br), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Linn.) and Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is having inconvenience to follow the accurate dose, palatability and stability issues due to surface area of powder. To rectify this problem the Safoof is modified into tablet dosage form with documentation of standard manufacturing procedure, its physicochemical analysis and in vitro antidiabetic evaluation. Materials and Methods: For process standardization total 10 batches were generated for the optimum working process related to the powder size, quantity of binder, wetting, granulation, time for drying and compression by trial and error. Ideal batch was selected on the basis of set parameter (friability, hardness and disintegration time), its physicochemical standards including HPLC as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activity were established. Results: With excipients 5\% Gum acacia, 5\% CMC, 1\% SSG, 0.5\% Mg stearate and 0.5\% Talc, the mean value of the hardness, friability and disintegration time of tablet were found to be 4.83 {\textpm} 0.17, 0.29 {\textpm} 0.01 and 14.24 {\textpm} 0.05 respectively. Physico-chemical data with HPLC quantification of Gymnemagenin, 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, 6-Shogaol and 10-Gingerol were set in. The heavy metals and microbial contaminations are within permissible limit. Antidiabetic activity through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition were 0.00 {\textpm} 0.00 at the 2500 μg/ml and 84.28 {\textpm} 0.58\% at the 3000 μg/ml concentration respectively. Conclusion: Classical powder is modified effectively in tablet dosage form with in vitro evaluation of its antidiabetic activity particularly α-glucosidase inhibition of crude powder and standardization data was also set in.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Physico-chemical standardization, Powder, Tablets, α-glucosidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.060}, author = {Gazi Jahangeer Rather and Hamiduddin and Mohd Ikram and Md. Naquibuddin} } @article {1175, title = {In vivo Investigation to Validate the Traditional Usage of Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindley) Reh. Root Extract against Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

Background: DM is a complicated condition that impacts the handling of sugar, fat, and protein metabolism in our bodies. Medicinal herbs play a significant role in diabetes care. As a result, we focused on the plant components traditionally employed by regional medical professionals. Objectives: The current research was carried out to check if Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindley) Reh. (ST) the ethanolic root extracts anti-diabetic potential. ST is a member of the Rosaceae family commonly known by the common name "false spirae." The root extract of ST is used by the locals in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh to effectively treat diabetes. Materials and Methods: Plant ethanolic extracts were evaluated for their potential on alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The animals were put into one of four treatment groups at random: a normal control group, not treated diabetic control group (150 mg/kg bw), a drug control group that got glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bw), and the last treatment group medicated with ST root extract (50 mg/kg BW). Liver, pancreas, and kidney histopathology were analyzed to correlate biochemical findings with histological changes. Results: Our results showed that the extract and medication-treated diabetic groups gained statistically significant weight (p<=0.001) and that their BGL went back to normal. Along with more common biological markers such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, creatinine level, uric acid, urea, and uric acid were measured. After the extract treated hyperglycaemic rats, all biochemical markers came under the normal range (p<=0.001). Improvement of the damaged structure of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys was observed after treatment with standard medication and root extracts of ST. Conclusion: Based on the data gathered from the tribal research area, to the best of our capacity, we have uncovered for the very first time the anti-diabetic efficacy of the plant parts. The empirical knowledge of previous generations is typically the basis for the traditional utilization of medicinal plants for controlling diabetes. Nevertheless, in vivo, research has assisted to discover the anti-diabetic potential of ST{\textquoteright}s ethanolic root extract and provides scientific proof to back up these claims. The plant component may also be used to create natural antidiabetic drugs that are effective.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Kinnaur, Sorbaria tomentosa, Traditional knowledge, Wistar rats}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.071}, author = {Monika Mehta and Richa Puri and Dechan Angmo and Pooja Boora and Sushila Rani} } @article {173, title = {Citrus limon L. Gel Stimulate Lymphocytes and Interleukin-10 Expression in Traumatic Diabetic Oral Ulcers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {299-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Citrus limon L. and its peel report anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial properties. However, the effects of C. limon L. gel to treat traumatic oral ulcers on diabetic conditions have yet to be investigated. Purpose: This study aims to discover the potent effect of C. limon L. on traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, in terms of both lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-10 expression. Materials and Methods: C. limon L. gel was made from C. limon L. peel and was extracted by means of steam distillation. Twenty male, diabetic Wistar rats with traumatic ulcers on the inferior labial mucosa were divided into four groups (n = 5). The control groups were treated with 3\% carboxylmethyl celullosa natrium and the treatment groups were treated with C. limon L. gel. Each treatment was administered once a day for either 5 or 7 days. Lymphocytes were analyzed by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining and IL-10 expression by immunohistochemistry staining. An independent t-test (P \< 0.05) was used to analyze and determine the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression. Results: The number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression in the treatment groups on the fifth and 7th days was higher than those in the control groups (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The essential oil in C. limon L. peel can be used to treat traumatic diabetic oral ulcers, as it is able to stimulate the number of lymphocytes and IL-10 expression.

}, keywords = {Citrus limon L, Diabetes mellitus, Interleukin-10, Lymphocytes, Traumatic ulcer}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_12_20}, author = {Fatma Yasmin Mahdani and Diah Savitri Ernawati and Priyo Hadi and Bagus Soebadi and Shiffin Devi Mardiyana and Dwi Susanti and Meircurius Dwi Condro Surboyo} } @article {91, title = {Inhibitory Actions of Lupinifolin Isolated from Derris reticulata Stem against Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Background: Postprandial hyperglycemia is linked with the development of diabetic complications. Inhibition against the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, specifically pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, delays carbohydrate digestion and subsides postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of lupinifolin, purified from Derris reticulata stem, a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, on in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Subjects and Methods: The identification of the isolated phytochemical was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance{\textendash}mass spectrometry (NMR-MS) spectrometry. In vitro pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities and enzyme kinetics were determined using the enzymatic colorimetric methods. Results: The purified phytochemical was identified as lupinifolin from the NMR-MS spectrometry. The isolated lupinifolin produced a significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions with the median inhibitory concentrations of 3.43 {\textpm} 0.77 and 56.29 {\textpm} 11.64 μg/mL, respectively. The study of enzyme kinetics showed that lupinifolin exhibited the mode of non-competitive and mixed enzyme inhibitions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Conclusion: The potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions of lupinifolin derived from D. reticulata stem evidently suggest its potential use as an alternative for the control of PPG.

}, keywords = {Derris reticulate, Diabetes mellitus, Lupinifolin, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_117_19}, author = {Pawitra Pulbutr and Pichnatcha Nantana and Surabot Suksabai and Chawannuch Mudjupa and Rattazart Denchai and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Taweesak Dhammaraj} } @article {205, title = {Antidiabetic Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Myrtus communis (Myrtle) Fruits in Streptozotocin-Induced and Dexamethasone-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {115-120}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels, resulting in insufficiency of insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Objective: The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of the Myrtus communis (myrtle) fruits on Wistar rats were investigated in two types of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: Intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) was used to induce Type I diabetes. Type II diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg/day dexamethasone for 10 days. Two groups of the diabetic animals received the hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit by gavage (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 45 and 10 days) and the diabetic control groups receiving distilled water. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of M. communis fruits reduced the serum levels of the glucose, triglyceride, urine volume, urine protein, and malondialdehyde at the end of the 45 day. In Type II diabetic rats, there was a significant effect on plasma glucose levels. On this day, blood glucose-lowering effect was significantly observed after insulin administration as C2\>D2M500\>D2M250\>D2 (P <= 0.05). The plasma level of insulin was completely reversed. There were no differences in the other biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of M. communis fruits has a significant effect on the improvement of diabetes mellitus complications especially Type II diabetic animals, which begins with insulin resistance.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, in vivo, Insulin resistance., Myrtus communis fruit}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_160_18}, author = {Mohammad Sharif Talebianpoor and Mohammad Shafee Talebianpoor and Mahboubeh Mansourian and Tahereh Vafaiee-Nejad} } @article {161, title = {Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) Essential Oil Chronic Treatment Induces Ventricular Repolarization Disorder in Healthy Rats but Not in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {410-413}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. The pharmacological treatment of T2DM can increase cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) is an antioxidant and hypoglycemic medicinal plant with promising action for T2DM non-pharmacological treatment. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate carqueja essential oil safety on the cardiovascular system of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups were used to analyze the carqueja essential oil effects: control group (n = 5), carqueja-treated control group (n = 4), diabetic control group (n = 4), and carqueja-treated diabetic group (n = 5). T2DM was induced by hypercaloric diet followed by streptozotocin administration. Electrocardiogram parameters were used to analyze the alterations in the cardiovascular system. Results: Diabetic rats showed ventricular repolarization dysfunction with prolongation of QT and corrected QT intervals. The treatment increased ventricular repolarization duration in the control group. Conclusion: Carqueja essential oil treatment worsens ventricular repolarization in nondiabetic rats, increasing the arrhythmogenic risk.

}, keywords = {Baccharis, Cardiac hypertrophy, Cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Electrocardiography, type 2.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_54_19}, author = {Alice Pereira Duque and Carole Sant{\textquoteright}ana Massolar and Cristiane Barbosa Rocha and Ana Paula Machado Da Rocha and Ricardo Felipe Alves Moreira and Luiz Fernando Rodrigues Junior} } @article {440, title = {Effect of Capsaicin on Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics of Gliclazide in Animal models with Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {437-441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {437}, abstract = {

Background: Food{\textendash}drug interactions can have great effect on the adverse effects of many drugs and also on the success of drug treatment. Gliclazide is one of the drugs of choice to treat type 2 diabetes. Capsaicin is present in Capsicum annuum, a spice found in regular food. Objective: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions of capsaicin on gliclazide in animal models using rats and rabbits. Materials and Methods: Single- and multiple-dose interaction studies were conducted in rats (normal and diabetic) and rabbits (diabetic) to evaluate the effect of capsaicin on the activity of gliclazide. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from the experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to analyze the serum gliclazide levels in rabbits. Results: Capsaicin did not exhibit any hypoglycemic activity in normal rats, but exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in both diabetic rats and rabbits with improvement in insulin levels and β-cell function. Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic rats and diabetic rabbits. In addition, it significantly increased insulin levels and β-cell function in diabetic animals. The samples analyzed from all time points in combination with capsaicin showed significantly greater reduction in blood glucose levels and a significant increase in insulin levels and β-cell function in diabetic rats and rabbits. The PK parameters of gliclazide were also altered by capsaicin treatment in rabbits. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the interaction of capsaicin with gliclazide on single- and multiple-dose treatment was both PD and PK in nature.

}, keywords = {Capsaicin, Diabetes mellitus, Drug interactions, Gliclazide, Pharmacodynamic{\textendash}pharmacokinetic interactions}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_81_18}, author = {Umachandar Lagisetty and Habibuddin Mohammed and Sivakumar Ramaiah} } @article {283, title = {Antidiabetic Effects of Aqueous and Dichloromethane/Methanol Stem Bark Extracts of Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub (Papilionaceae) on Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {80-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Aim of the Study: The aim is to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of aqueous and CH2Cl2/CH3OH stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub in normal and diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and normal adult Wistar rats were orally administered with aqueous and CH2Cl2/CH3OH plant extracts of P. soyauxii at various doses (38{\textendash}300 mg/kg) in a single administration. In addition, STZ-induced diabetic rats received prolonged daily administration for 14 days. Glibenclamide (GB) (10 mg/kg) was used as reference treatment. In acute test, fasting blood glucose was followed for 5 h. In subacute test, body weight, food and water intakes, and blood glucose were followed weekly and serum biochemical parameters evaluated after 14 days treatment. Results: Acute administration of aqueous and CH2Cl2/ CH3OH stem bark extracts moderately decreased fasting blood glucose compared to GB, significantly in normal rats (P \< 0.05 to P \< 0.01) but, as GB, not significantly in diabetic rats. Prolonged treatments in diabetic rats with aqueous and CH2Cl2/CH3OH extracts reduced blood glucose to an extent, respectively, superior or similar to GB. Moreover, P. soyauxii also significantly (P \< 0.01) reduced weight loss, and diabetes increased serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and transaminases (alanine aminotransferase/ aspartate aminotransferase) elevations. Conclusion: P. soyauxii Taub stem bark extracts have possible value for antidiabetic oral medication.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Diabetes mellitus, Phytotherapy, Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub, Rats, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.199767}, author = {Marie Claire Tchamadeu and Paul D{\'e}sir{\'e} Djomeni Dzeufiet and Nelly Blaes and Jean-Pierre Girolami and Pierre Kamtchouing and Th{\'e}ophile Dimo} } @article {424, title = {Anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Bryonia laciniosa seeds and its saponins rich fraction in neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {92-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Context: Bryonia laciniosa Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) seed is used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments including metabolic disorders. Aim: This study evaluated the anti-diabetic action of the ethanol extract of B. laciniosa seeds and saponin fraction of it through its effect on hyperglycemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in neonatally streptozotocin (n-STZ)-induced diabetic rats (n-STZ diabetic rats). Materials and Methods: Ethanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.), saponin fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and standard drug glibenclamide (3 mg/kg; p.o.) were administered to diabetic rats when the rats were 6 weeks old and continued for 10 consecutive weeks. Effects of ethanol extract and saponin fraction on various biochemical parameters were studied in diabetic rats. Results: The treatment with ethanol extract and saponin fraction for 10 weeks decrease in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, serum urea, serum creatinine and diminished activities of aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. The anti-hyperglycemic nature of B. laciniosa is probably brought about by the extra-\ the pancreatic mechanism as evidenced from unchanged levels of plasma insulin. B. laciniosa modulated effect of diabetes on the liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. Administration of ethanol extract and saponin fraction to diabetic rats showed a significant reversal of disturbed antioxidant status. Significant increase in SOD, CAT, and levels of GSH was observed in treated n-STZ diabetic rats. Conclusion: The present studyreveals the efficacy of B. laciniosa seed extract and its\  \ saponin fraction in the amelioration of n-STZ diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Hyperglycemia, Oxidative stress.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147217}, author = {Sandip B. Patel and Devdas Santani and Veena Patel and Mamta Shah} } @article {730, title = {Biphasic effect of Solanum nigrum fruit aqueous extract on vascular mesenteric beds in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {March,2014}, pages = {148-152}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: In Asia, Solanum nigrum fruit is traditionally used to manage, control, and treat diabetes. Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the endothelium and nitric oxide roles in Solanum nigrum-induced vasorelaxation in non-diabetic and diabetic rat vessels. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single i.p. injection of streptozotocin. Eight weeks later, superior mesenteric arteries of non-diabetic and diabetic groups were isolated and perfused according to the McGregor method. Solanum nigrum fruit extract (SNE) at concentrations of 0.00001 to 0.6 mg/ml was added to the medium and perfusion pressure was recorded. Results: Baseline perfusion pressure of diabetic group was significantly higher than non-diabetic rats in both intact and denuded endothelium. The low concentrations of SNE have vasodilatory effect in the diabetic and non-diabetic, but high concentrations of SNE produce initial significant contractions, followed by secondary relaxations in normal and diabetic rats. We observed vasorelaxation at low and high concentrations of SNE in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups after endothelium denudation. SNE-induced vasorelaxation in diabetic group is mediated by both endothelium and smooth muscle, but the relaxatory effect of SNE in non-diabetic group is not mediated by endothelium, and SNE has direct action on the smooth muscle. Conclusion: Although the part of SNE-induced relaxation in diabetic vessel was mediated by endothelium, nitric oxide didn{\textquoteright}t play any role in this action, and maybe we can use SNE in the management of diabetes vessel complications in future.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Mesenteric bed, Nitric oxide, Solanum nigrum fruit extract vasorelaxation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.129036}, author = {Shahla Sohrabipour and Fatemah Kharazmi and Nepton Soltani and Mohammad Kamalinejad} } @article {651, title = {Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) on blood glucose and lipids in a diabetic and healthy rat model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {april,2012}, pages = {73-79}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate short- and long-term effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on food consumption, body weight, glycemic control, and lipids in healthy and diabetes-induced rats. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in two phases (Phase I and Phase II), using Sprague-Dawley rats in four groups. Phase I evaluated acute effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG) (Groups 1 and 2) and on post-oral glucose (Groups 3 and 4) blood glucose. Groups 1 and 3 received distilled-water and Groups 2 and 4 received cinnamon-extracts. Phase II evaluated effects on food consumption, body weight, blood glucose, and lipids over 1 month. Group A (n = 8, distilled-water) and Group B (n = 8, cinnamon-extracts) were healthy rats, while Group C (n = 5, distilled-water) and Group D (n = 5, cinnamon-extracts) were diabetes-induced rats. Serum lipid profile and HbA1c were measured on D-0 and D-30. FBG, 2-h post-prandial blood glucose, body weight, and food consumption were measured on every fifth day. Results: Phase I: There was no significant difference in serial blood glucose values in cinnamon-treated group from time 0 (P \> 0.05). Following oral glucose, the cinnamon group demonstrated a faster decline in blood glucose compared to controls (P \< 0.05). Phase II: Between D0 and D30, the difference in food consumption was shown only in diabetes-induced rats (P \< 0.001). Similarly, the significant difference following cinnamon-extracts in FBG and 2-h post-prandial blood glucose from D0 to D30 was shown only in diabetes-induced rats. In cinnamon-extracts administered groups, total and LDL cholesterol levels were lower on D30 in both healthy and diabetes-induced animals (P \< 0.001). Conclusions: C. zeylanicum lowered blood glucose, reduced food intake, and improved lipid parameters in diabetes-induced rats.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Ceylon cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Diabetes mellitus, Lipids, Sprague-Dawley rats}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.94719}, author = {Priyanga Ranasinghe and Sanja Perera and Mangala Gunatilake and Eranga Abeywardene and Nuwan Gunapala and Sirimal Premakumara and Kamal Perera and Dilani Lokuhetty and Prasad Katulanda} } @article {923, title = {Antidiabetic Effect of Nauclea latifolia Leaf Ethanolic Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {392-395}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {392}, abstract = {

The antidiabetic and possible toxicity of ethanolic extract of the leaf of Nauclea latifolia was studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight were given orally to the STZ-induced diabetic rats daily for 45 days. All the doses showed significant hypoglycaemic effect. The effect is however not dose dependent. Indices of liver and kidney functions studied were not statistically affected by the extract administration. Ethanolic extract of the leaf of N. latifolia thus exhibited antidiabetic action in STZ-induced diabetic rats with minimal toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Diabetes mellitus, Nauclea latifolia, STZ-induced diabetic rats}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Gidado Abubakar and A. Ameh Danladi and E. Atawodi Sunday and Ibrahim Sani} } @article {903, title = {Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Active Fraction from the Aqueous Extract of Momordica cymbalaria fruits in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {352-358}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

The methanolic supernatant fraction (MSF) of the aqueous extract of Momordica cymbalaria fruits when given to streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats showed a significant reduction (65.9\%, P\<0.001) in fasting blood glucose levels at a dose of 0.5g/kg.b.w. These results were compared to that of glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent. The active MSF exhibited a dose dependent scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenly-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and nitric oxide radicals with an IC50 value of 42.5 and 157.2μg/ml, respectively. Further, the MSF had relatively lower reducing power, compared to that of ascorbic acid. The total phenolic content of the fraction was found to be 132mg/gm of dry fraction. In conclusion, MSF possess antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, which could be due to the presence of steroidal glycosides or phenolic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Momordica cymbalaria, Streptozotocin}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Rajasekhar M.D and Ramesh Babu K and Vinay K and Sampath M.R and Sameena S.K and Apparao Ch} } @article {876, title = {Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Chlorophytum borivilianum Tubers in Alleviating the Diabetic Impotency in Streptozotocin Induced Male Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {314-319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has continued to grow over the past decade, and it is an important cause of organic impotence. In the present study we investigated the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of tubers of Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) in alleviating the diabetic impotency in rats. Male wistar albino rats were classified into two groups as normal control and diabetic group. Normal control group rats were injected with 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer (0.1 ml, i.p) while in diabetic group, DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg) freshly dissolved in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). On confirming the diabetic state, the rats in diabetic group were individually tested for sexual potency by pairing them with pro-oestrus female rat. Diabetic rats showed a significant decline in the sexual potency as compared to the normal control groups. Following this, the diabetic rats were divided into four groups and treated orally as: diabetic control group with distilled water 2 ml/day, CB-100 group with CB 100 mg/kg/day, CB-300 group with CB 300 mg/kg/day and standard group with sildenafil citrate 4 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Their sexual behavior was evaluated on 15th day by pairing with a pro-estrous female rat and evaluated for CB, at 100 mg/kg, for sexual vigor and sexual arousal as compared to diabetic control rats. The study revealed dose dependent improvement in all the parameters of sexual behavior were enhanced against diabetic control group, reflecting increased potency.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Hlorophytum borivilianum, Impotency, Streptozotocin}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Vyawahare N.S and Kagathara V.G and Kshirsagar A.D and Rajendran R and Patil M.N and Jagtap A. A and Sadar S. S} }