@article {1109, title = {BBD Driven Optimization of Extraction of Therapeutically Active Xanthanoid Mangiferin from Mangifera indica L. Leaves and its Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {84-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {84-93}, abstract = {

Background: Mangiferin, a C-glucosyl xanthone present in Mangifera indica leaves exhibits profuse pharmacological activities. Our research highlights the process parameter at which high yield of Mangiferin can be extracted from Mangifera indica leaves in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and traditional methods for mangiferin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was employed for optimizing the process parameters for the Mangiferin extraction from Mangifera indica leaves. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction temperature, drug to solvent ratio, and extraction time) were optimized by Response-Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of Mangiferin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of M. indica extracts in different solvents were evaluated using DPPH method. Results: Reflux technique, a hot solvent extraction method, conferred the highest yield of Mangiferin and ethanol was found to be the most efficient extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for mangiferin extraction were established as extraction time- 63.653 min, extraction temperature- 63.563{\textdegree}C and drug to solvent ratio- 1:22.634 g/ml. Under such conditions, Mangiferin was yielded as 90.31 mg/g, which was nearly close to the predicted value of 91.096 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has revealed significant antioxidant potential with a percentage inhibition of 59.76 \%. Conclusion: The reflux technique stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol proves to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Additionally, Mangiferin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. Our study highlights the use of RSM, a modern-day statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytocompounds, which makes the optimization method cheap and less laborious than the traditional optimization method.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Mangifera indica, Mangiferin, Optimization, Response surface methodology.}, doi = {10.5530/097484900279}, author = {Syeda Nashvia Adin and Isha Gupta and Mohd Aqil and Mohd Mujeeb and Abdul Ahad} } @article {1116, title = {QbD Based Extraction of Naringin from Citrus sinensis L. Peel and its Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {145-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Background: Naringin, a bioflavanoid possessing multifaceted pharmacological properties present in Citrus sinensis peel. Our research demonstrates the process parameter at which high yield of naringin can be extracted from Citrus sinensis peel in "one run." Objectives: The study compares the efficacy of different modern and conventional methods for naringin extraction. Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was availed for optimization of process parameters for the extraction of naringin from Citrus sinensis peels. Materials and Methods: Extraction conditions (extraction time, solvent-to-drug ratio and extraction temperature) were optimized by Quality by Design (QbD), specifically BBD. Quantification analysis of naringin in different extracts was done using HPLC. Further, the antioxidant potential of different extracts of C. sinensis were assessed with the DPPH method. Results: Ultrasound-assisted extraction method gives the highest yield of naringin and ethanol found to be the most effective extractive solvent. Through the use of BBD, the optimal conditions for naringin extraction were established as extraction temperature- 65.508{\textdegree}C, solvent-to-drug ratio- 25.880 mL/g and extraction time- 29.978 min. Under such conditions, naringin was yielded as 2.021 mg/g, which was nearly contiguous to the predicted value of 2.20 mg/g. The ethanolic extract has unveiled significant antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 71.54\%. Conclusion: The Ultrasound-assisted extraction method stood out to be the best amongst all the other thermal and non-thermal modes of extraction used, and ethanol was proved to be the most efficient extracting solvent. Furthermore, naringin extraction was significantly affected by all three different variables. The present work highlights the use of QbD, a multivariate statistical technique in the extraction field of therapeutically potent phytoconstituents, which makes the optimization method less laborious and time-saving than the traditional optimization method.

}, keywords = {Citrus sinensis, Extraction, Naringin, Optimization, Response surface methodology}, doi = {10.5530/097484900241}, author = {Isha Gupta and Syeda Nashvia Adin and Mohd Aqil and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {56, title = {Isolation, Characterization, and Optimization of Protease-Producing Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis from Paddy Field Soil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {89-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background:\ The ubiquitous proteases that are commonly found in all living organisms play an important role in cell growth and cell differentiation. The bacterium\ Bacillus thuringiensis\ (Bt) produces delta-endotoxins that exhibit toxic properties against various insecticides and has demonstrated its potency and safety as a biopesticide agent for decades. The\ Bt\ protein includes vegetative, insecticidal, and crystal proteins that exhibit highly toxicants against immature insects (larvae).\ Objectives:\ The aim of this research was to use\ Bt\ as an alternative to chemical insecticides, and the source of\ Bt\ genes aids in the development of a resistant transgenic plant that improves not only productivity but also shift life.\ Materials and Methods:\ In the present study, bacterium\ Bt\ was isolated from various paddy files around the Hunsur region, Karnataka. The isolated bacteria show a potent protease activity on skim agar plates. Morphology, colony assay, and biochemical characterization were performed for the characteristic properties of bacteria. Further, 16S ribosomal RNA partial sequencing was carried out to identify the specific species of\ Bacillus.\ Results:\ Among nine samples from different paddy soils, three\ Bacillus\ isolates SAL-P1, SAL-P2, and SAL-P3 are the major dominant colonies which were streaked onto the fresh skim milk agar plates, out of which SAL-Pl shows an abundant growth and production of an enzyme at pH 7.0, 37{\textdegree}C, and 48 h, respectively. The study also shows the optimum condition of temperature, carbon, nitrogen source, pH for growth, as well as for biomass production.\ Conclusion:\ The results of this study confirm the significance of continuous exploration of new\ Bt\ strains from different ecological regions that could be more useful for\ Bt-based bioformulations and the generation of transgenic plants. Furthermore, the growth and biomass production of\ Btg (isolated from paddy soil) and\ Bti (reference strain) were found to be identical.

}, keywords = {16S ribosomal RNA, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biochemical identification, Isolation, Optimization, Paddy soil}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_83_20}, author = {Poojitha B Sridhara and Chandan Dharmashekara and Chandrashekar Srinivasa and Chandan Shivamallu and Shiva Prasad Kollur and SM Gopinath and Asad Syed and Sharanagouda S Patil and Ashwini Prasad and DE Salamun} }