@article {1081, title = {Exploration of Phytopharmacognostical Study of Ipomoea obscura (Linn.) Ker Gawl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {369-378}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea obscura, also known as {\textquotedblleft}Lakshmanvel{\textquotedblright} in India, is a member of the Convolvulaceae family. Early studies were mostly concerned with early phytochemical analysis, with only a few focusing on detailed phytochemical analysis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemical and pharmacognostic characteristics of I. obscura leaves. Materials and Procedures: The methanolic extracts were separated into flavonoids and phytosterol by column chromatography, which were subsequently examined by spectroscopy and HPTLC methods. Results: According to this research{\textquoteright}s findings, I. obscura leaves may be a good source of phytochemicals such flavonoids (Kaempferol and quercetin), terpenids (β-sitosterol and lupeol), which were identified by HPTLC fingerprinting, FTIR NMR, and UV spectroscopy. Conclusion: The spectroscopical data and HPTLC fingerprinting profile for the plant of interest would hopefully aid herbal medicine researchers in developing additional herbal medications that require the specific ingredient or extract.

}, keywords = {Characterization, HPTLC fingerprinting, Isolation, Microscopical study, Phytochemical investigation, Quantitative estimation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.55}, author = {Poonam Shinde and Rajendra Bhambar and Pankaj Patil and Khanderao Jadhav and Prashant Malpure} } @article {56, title = {Isolation, Characterization, and Optimization of Protease-Producing Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis from Paddy Field Soil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {89-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background:\ The ubiquitous proteases that are commonly found in all living organisms play an important role in cell growth and cell differentiation. The bacterium\ Bacillus thuringiensis\ (Bt) produces delta-endotoxins that exhibit toxic properties against various insecticides and has demonstrated its potency and safety as a biopesticide agent for decades. The\ Bt\ protein includes vegetative, insecticidal, and crystal proteins that exhibit highly toxicants against immature insects (larvae).\ Objectives:\ The aim of this research was to use\ Bt\ as an alternative to chemical insecticides, and the source of\ Bt\ genes aids in the development of a resistant transgenic plant that improves not only productivity but also shift life.\ Materials and Methods:\ In the present study, bacterium\ Bt\ was isolated from various paddy files around the Hunsur region, Karnataka. The isolated bacteria show a potent protease activity on skim agar plates. Morphology, colony assay, and biochemical characterization were performed for the characteristic properties of bacteria. Further, 16S ribosomal RNA partial sequencing was carried out to identify the specific species of\ Bacillus.\ Results:\ Among nine samples from different paddy soils, three\ Bacillus\ isolates SAL-P1, SAL-P2, and SAL-P3 are the major dominant colonies which were streaked onto the fresh skim milk agar plates, out of which SAL-Pl shows an abundant growth and production of an enzyme at pH 7.0, 37{\textdegree}C, and 48 h, respectively. The study also shows the optimum condition of temperature, carbon, nitrogen source, pH for growth, as well as for biomass production.\ Conclusion:\ The results of this study confirm the significance of continuous exploration of new\ Bt\ strains from different ecological regions that could be more useful for\ Bt-based bioformulations and the generation of transgenic plants. Furthermore, the growth and biomass production of\ Btg (isolated from paddy soil) and\ Bti (reference strain) were found to be identical.

}, keywords = {16S ribosomal RNA, Bacillus thuringiensis, Biochemical identification, Isolation, Optimization, Paddy soil}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_83_20}, author = {Poojitha B Sridhara and Chandan Dharmashekara and Chandrashekar Srinivasa and Chandan Shivamallu and Shiva Prasad Kollur and SM Gopinath and Asad Syed and Sharanagouda S Patil and Ashwini Prasad and DE Salamun} } @article {97, title = {Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Fraction Isolated from Methanolic Extract of Sapindus laurifolia on Scopolamine Induced Dementia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {119-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Background: Phytotherapy is considered a complementary approach for preventing and treating many diseases. Plants are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites of a wide variety such as saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Sapindus laurifolia (fam: Sapindaceae), well known as soapnuts, are used medicinally as an expectorant, emetic, contraceptive, and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, chlorosis, and migraines. Objective: To isolation of fractions, estimation of total flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo neuroprotective activity of S. laurifolia fruit kernel. Materials and Methods: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity is estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay method. Neuroprotective activity is estimated by scopolamine-induced dementia method. In neuroprotective method, behavioral parameters were checked by escape latency (EL) time (s) by using the Morris water maze, active avoidance testing using elevated plus maze, and neurochemicals such as glutathione, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Cholinesterase were estimated. Results: In scopolamine-induced dementia, increased EL time, active avoidance and neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD and cholinesterase decreased. Whereas standard and Fraction S-treated animals decreased in EL time, active avoidance and increased locomotor activity, neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD, and cholinesterase also increased. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates that methanolic extract of S. laurifolia Fraction A (50 and 100 mg/kg) kernel significantly attenuate scopolamine-induced dementia by improving the learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality, and anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity. Therefore, this Fraction A can be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for controlling neurodegenerative dementia especially Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Yet, advance studies are needed to characterize the active compound(s) and expose the possible mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dementia, Isolation, Neuroprotective, Sapindus}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_50_19}, author = {Nagaraju Bandaru and A Ramu and S Vidhyadhara} } @article {66, title = {Novel Phytocompounds from Vernonia amygdalina with Antimalarial Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {53-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria, one of the diseases predominant in the African continent, has been reported to be treated with plants and also some in vitro and in vivo tests have supported this. Vernonia amygdalina belonging to the family of Asteraceae is one of the plants widely used in Nigeria and studied for treatment of malaria and some scientific researchers have validated this claim. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed at isolation of possible compounds from the methanolic stem-bark of V. amygdalina, elucidation and characterization of the isolated compounds, and carry out antimalarial evaluations of the isolated compounds. Materials and Methods: Isolation of compounds was done using column chromatography technique, elucidation and characterization were done based on infrared, Mass, 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The in vitro antimalarial activity was carried out on the ring stage of the malaria parasite cycle of chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains. Results: Five novel compounds were isolated; 4α-Hydroxy-n-pentadecanoic acid (CC7), 11α- Hydroxyurs-5,12-dien- 28-oic acid-3α, 25-olide (CC10), 1-Hen eicosanol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CC19), 10-Geranilanyl-O-β-D-xyloside (AC2A), 6β,10β,14β-Trimethyl heptadecan-15α-olyl-15-O-β-D-glucopyrano syl-1,5β-olide (CC14), and one new compound; Glucuronolactone (CC3). The compounds CC10, CC19, AC2A, CC14, and CC3 recorded schizont inhibition at different percentages. Compounds CC19, AC2A, and CC14 recorded half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 10.55 μg/ml, 12.56 μg/ml, and 11.68 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The IC50 values obtained are much higher than that of chloroquine, which is 0.02 μg/ml. These compounds showed antimalarial activity at different levels. The presence and effect of these compounds validate the use of this plant for the treatment of malaria in the traditional medicinal practice of Nigeria.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Half-maximal inhibitory concentration, Isolation, Phytocompounds, Vernonia amygdalina}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_81_19}, author = {InnocentMary IfedibaluChukwu Ejiofor and Aparoop Das and Showkat R Mir and Mohammed Ali and Kamaruz Zaman} } @article {322, title = {Innovative Research on Isolation, Characterization, and Identification of Bioactivity in the Isolated Constituent from Methanol Extract of Galphimia glauca cav. Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July 2018}, pages = {265-274}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

Background: Galphimia glauca Cav (GG) is naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of the world including India. Objective: The present study has been opted to shed light on GG stems to isolate, characterize, and explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of the isolated phytomolecule using in vivo models. Materials and Methods: The bioactive fraction of the active stem methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography followed by preparative thin layer chromatography to separate the phytoconstituent. The isolated phytoconstituent was characterized and evaluated for toxicological studies, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The isolated phytoconstituent {\textquotedblleft}BS-1{\textquotedblright} was characterized by melting point, Rf value, IR spectra, mass spectra, 1H-NMR spectrum, and 13C NMR spectrum. The LD50 of BS-1 was found to be \>2000 mg/kg. The results were significant (P \< 0.001 and P \< 0.01) in hot plate test and tail clip test. The central analgesic effect of BS-1 was further proved through reversal actions of naloxone. The peripheral analgesic actions exhibited by BS-1 were significant (P \< 0.001) in formalin and writhing test when compared to control group. In carrageenan test, BS-1 exhibited significant (P <= 0.05) dose-dependent activity on comparison of the high dose with respective low dose. The BS-1 exhibited significant (P <= 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity, when correlated with the standard drug in cotton pellet induced granuloma test. Conclusion: The BS-1 exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in central and peripheral models of analg

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Column chromatography, Formalin test, Galphimia glauca Clav, Hotplate test, Isolation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_151_17}, author = {Baba Shankar Rao Garige and Keshetti Srisailam and Vattikuti Uma Maheshwara Rao} } @article {396, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Chemopreventive Agent from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm F}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {61-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the in vitro cytotoxic effect and to isolate and characterize a chemopreventive secondary metabolite from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm F (sivakaranthai). Materials and Methods: In vitro cytotoxic effect was carried out by 3 (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Different concentrations of the extracts were tested on three different cell lines namely A549, HT29, and MCF7. The chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography, and the isolated compound was characterized by various spectral methods and by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Results: The concentration that cause 50\% growth inhibition value of chloroform extract was found to be 0.9 and 19 μg/mL against MCF7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. Chloroform extract was subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of phytoconstituent. The structure of the isolated compound was identified by spectroscopic techniques such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, XRD, and mass spectroscopy. On comparison of complete spectral detail of the compound, the proposed structure was identified as chrysosplenol D (a flavonoid). Chrysosplenol D was isolated for the first time from this plant. Conclusion: The chloroform extract had higher cytotoxic effect, and the isolated chrysosplenol D may be responsible for the anti-proliferative effect of the plant.

}, keywords = {3 (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Characterization, Chemopreventive agent, Chrysosplenol D, Isolation, Sphaeranthus amaranthoides}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171101}, author = {S. Gayatri and R. Suresh and C. Uma Maheswara Reddy and K. Chitra} } @article {400, title = {Cycloolivil, a lignan from the roots of Stereospermum suaveolens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Stereospermum suaveolens DC. (Syn. S. chelonoides) belonging to family Bignoniaceae is an important medicinal plant in India. Traditionally, it is mainly used as analgesic, liver stimulant, astringent, wound healing and antidyspeptic. Roots of this plant are one of the ingredients of Dashamularishta. The plant has been studied for many pharmacological actions, only few were concerned with isolation of active compounds. Objectives: The present work deals with the isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents present in the roots of Stereospermum suaveolens. Materials\ and Methods: The compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction from the methanol extract of S. suaveolens by using open silica gel column chromatography and HPLC was carried out for all the fractions to target the major peaks in fractions. Results and Conclusion: The isolated compounds structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D-NMR, and MS) and characterized as Cycloolivil (1) reported for the first time from this plant species, Lapachol (2) and β-sitosterol (3), respectively.

}, keywords = {Cycloolivil, Isolation, lapachol, Stereospermum suaveolens, β-sitosterol.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147198}, author = {B. Abdul wahab Sab, Janani Jacob and Gururaja Giligar Manjunath and Vineet Kumar Singh and Deepak Mundkinajeedu and Shashidhara Shankarappa} }