@article {1191, title = {Additive Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) in Experimental Oral Carcinogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {819-830}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {819}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nowadays, fructose uses dramatically increased in form of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) found in juices and packed food. Sustained fructose utilization is detrimental to long-term human health. Objectives: To assess the additive effects of HFCS during 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene (DMBA)-induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis (HBPCs) model. Materials and Methods: The animals were separated into eight groups: Group I; vehicle control; Group II (0.5\% DMBA); Group III and IV (HFCS 8\% and 25\%); Group V (Sucrose 10\%); Group VI and VII (0.5\% DMBA+HFCS 8 and 25\%) and VIII group (0.5\% DMBA+Sucrose 10\%) respectively for 14 weeks. After the 14th week of treatment; the tumor morphology, buccal histopathology, and biochemical markers were measured and compared with carcinogenic control as well as vehicle control. Observations and Results: The buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma after getting topical applications of 0.5\% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week for 14 weeks. Although DMBA treatment alone caused 100\% tumor development in hamsters, drinking water administration of HFCS at a concentration of 25\%/kg body weight (b.w.) to DMBA-treated hamster greatly accelerated the development of oral tumors. Additionally, during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis, HFCS moderatingly increased the lipid peroxidation by-products, decreased the status of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, modulated the levels of phase I and phase II detoxification agents, and favored the excretion of carcinogenic metabolite. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the additive effect of HFCS relies on its altered peroxidative and antioxidant function as well as effects on phase I and II detoxification enzymes during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Taken together the current study described that HFCS induced oral tumour development. From this study we suggested HFCS usage to be curtailed.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Detoxification enzymes, DMBA, Hamsters, HFCS, Lipid peroxidation, Oral cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.087}, author = {Kavitha Kalimuthu and Sindhu Ganapathy and Balamurugan Elumalai and Asha Kumarasamypillai Radha Thayammal and Veeran Veeravarmal and Vijayalakshmi Annamalai} } @article {1187, title = {Ameliorative Effect of Rutin against Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) Nanoparticle induced Behavioural, Biochemical and Tissue Morphological Changes in Danio rerio}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {785-795}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {785}, abstract = {

Background: Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) is one of the most widely used metal oxide nanoparticles with unique features that permit its usage in various medical applications, including drug delivery, targeting, labelling, and loading. Rutin is a bioflavonoid found in various natural sources and has diverse biological activities and pharmaceutical applications. Some studies have evaluated the impacts of ZrO2 NPs on aquatic creatures, but little is known about their ability to recover after exposure. Since the toxicity of ZrO2 nanoparticles is not known, it would be crucial to investigate their toxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism. Objectives: In the present work, the toxicity of ZrO2 was investigated in Danio rerio using behavioural alterations, biomarkers of oxidative stress and cellular damage. The morphology of the gill tissues, as well as the optimal amount of rutin for mitigating deleterious effects was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Fish were treated for 14 days, and seven study groups were examined: control, ZrO2 exposure alone at three distinct concentrations (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 20 mg/L), and combined with rutin (100 mg/L). Results: Compared to control groups, Danio rerio treated with ZrO2 alone or in combination with rutin produced worse outcomes. However, rutin-supplemented groups exhibited greater improvement than ZrO2 alone groups. ZrO2 affects cells by causing oxidative stress and decreasing the antioxidants SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and Vitamin C. Enhanced oxidative stress induces behavioural and morphological modifications. The structural examination of the gill tissues revealed hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, filament erosion, and a dilated marginal channel or epithelial lifting. Conclusion: According to our data, the sub-lethal concentration of ZrO2 NPs for Danio rerio is 10 mg/L. Although ZrO2 was detrimental to the groups exposed to it, supplementing 100 mg/L of rutin was able to protect against its toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Behavioural changes, Histology, Nanoparticles, Oxidative stress, Zebrafish, ZrO2 - NPs}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.083}, author = {Briska Jifrina Premnath and Bichandarkoil Jayaram Pratima and Ragunath Ravichandiran and Manoj Kumar Srinivasan and Namasivayam Nalini} } @article {1173, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of Squalene Isolated from Simarouba glauca in Experimental Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {658-666}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {658}, abstract = {

Background: Most dynamic area of scientific investigation is to identify the bioactive compounds and establish their potential health effects against chronic diseases. Multi-targeted compounds with fewer side effects has shown to be potential therapeutic agents. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of isolated Squalene (SQ), a triterpenoid from Simarouba glauca in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. Materials and Methods: Squalene (SQ), a triterpenoid fraction was isolated from Simarouba glauca and characterized by FT-IR and NMR. Experimental animals were categorized into five groups, group I was control (0.5\% DMSO in normal saline), group II received Carrageenan (Carr), group III received SQ and Carr, whereas group IV received diclofenac and Carr. After 1 hr, SQ and diclofenac (20mg/kg) were administered (i.p.). Carrageenan suspension was injected into the sub-plantar tissue of the right hind paw. Paw edema was determined 3 hours post-carrageenan administration. Rats were sacrificed and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, levels of PGE-2 and TBARS, activities of COX-2, SOD, catalase, GPx, MPO, and the level of nitrite were measured. Results: SQ at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg body weight was found to be the minimal dose for maximum edema inhibition. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE-2, NO, COX-2 and levels of TBARS and MPO were significantly reduced (p \< 0.05). Antioxidant markers such as SOD, Catalse and GPx were increased significantly (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest the anti-inflammatory properties of SQ and its multi-targeted mechanism of action, meriting its potential therapeutic efficacy in various inflammatory diseases.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Inflammation, MPO, PGE2, Squalene}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.069}, author = {Svenia Periyapurath Jose and Sandya Sukumaran and Ratheesh Mohanan and Sangeeth Saji and Aditya Asish and Sajeev Martin George} } @article {1140, title = {Effect of Glutathione Enriched Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Model by Regulating Oxidative Stress and PKC Pathway}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {347-355}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {347}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is one of the root causes of metabolic disorders like diabetes. Glucose oxidation and activation of various metabolic pathways lead to a disproportionate generation of free radicals. This will significantly reduce the antioxidant status in the body. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a novel glutathione enriched polyherbal formulation on a streptozotocin induced diabetic model. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After 3 days of injection, Glibenclamide (5mg/kg), and glutathione enriched polyherbal formulation were given orally for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose and body weight changes were measured at specific intervals. For the study, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation products, nitrite, liver enzyme markers, gene expression of GLUT{\textendash}2, and PKC levels were evaluated. Histopathological analysis was also done. Results: The result shows that glutathione enriched polyherbal formulation treated rats significantly reduced their blood glucose and maintained their body weight. As a result, the GLUT{\textendash}2 expression was reduced, which prevented the activation of PKC. Moreover, oxidative stress was reduced by improving antioxidants like SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH by inhibiting the lipid peroxidation process. In addition, hepatic damage was also prevented by protecting the liver cells, and thereby shielding the excessive leakage of SGOT, SGPT, and ALP enzymes. The histopathological analysis of the liver gives more support to other data. Conclusion: Findings show that glutathione{\textendash}enriched polyherbal formulations have a powerful anti-diabetic effect by inhibiting oxidative stress and thus blocking PKC activation.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Diabetes, Glucose transporter, Oxidative stress, PKC}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.037}, author = {Sheethal S and Ratheesh M and Svenia P Jose and Sandya S} } @article {1011, title = {Preventive Effects of Ginger Extract and Nigella sativa Oil on Anxiety and Depression Behavior in Wistar Rats Exposed to Mercuric Chloride}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is toxic to humans and animals, and usually causes systemic and nerve damage. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the neuro-protective effects of two medicinal plants rich in antioxidants against mercuric chloride poisoning in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study conducted on twenty-five adult rats randomly divided into five groups of five rats each, the untreated control group and the four groups are treated daily with Ginger extract (500 mg/kg/day) and Nigella sativa oil (2ml/kg/day) for four weeks. The administration of mercuric chloride (4mg/kg/day) will be from the second week of experimentation to three weeks. Results: The results obtained showed by behavioral tests that the administration of inorganic mercury (HgCl2) significantly increases the state of anxiety and depression of rats compared to control rats, while the groups pre-treated with antioxidants can reduce the damage of these behavioral disorders. Conclusion: Ginger extract and Nigella sativa oil have a very important role in neurobehavioral alterations induced by mercury toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Anxiety, Depression, Mercuric Chloride, Neuroprotection, Wistar Rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.1}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1411.html}, author = {Sabri Benkermiche and Samir Djemli and Meriem Haloui and Mohamed Lamine Benabed and Abdelkrim Tahraoui} } @article {87, title = {Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Stem Bark Extract of Cordia dichotoma G. Forst and Evaluation of their Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {158-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {158}, abstract = {

Background: There is a lack of scientific evidence for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using stem bark extract of medicinal plant Cordia dichotoma and its potential therapeutic applications. Objectives: In our present study we contemplated using Cordia dichotoma extract for fabricating AgNPs and to analyze their potential applications as antioxidant and biocidal agents. Materials and Methods: AgNPs were fabricated by bio reduction of silver nitrate solution with bark extract of Cordia dichotoma. The fabricated AgNPs were characterized using U.V visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, particle size analyzer, and zeta potential. Further, evaluated for their potential antioxidant activity and compared with the crude extract of Cordia dichotoma and with standard ascorbic acid. The antibacterial activity was performed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Results: The AgNPs were synthesized and UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 430nm, which is the characteristic feature of AgNPs. The XRD peaks at (111), (220), and (311) indicate the existence of silver with a crystalline structure. The FT-IR spectra in the range of 1516 to 1634 cm-1 reflected the presence of phenol groups which acted as the capping agents for synthesized AgNPs. The SEM images confirmed the spherical structure of AgNPs that formed aggregates with phytochemicals and appeared as composites. The average size of AgNPs is 39.8nm and exhibited good stability as evident from the zeta potential value of -33. Conclusion: Phytomediated eco-friendly synthesized and structurally characterized AgNPs can act as antioxidants and exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterials, Antioxidants, Cordia dichotoma, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.8}, author = {Gone Swapna and Bhattiprolu Kesava Rao} } @article {954, title = {Influence of Sonication on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {368-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from T. catappa leaves obtained by different intervals of sonication. Methods: Three commonly used methods were followed to evaluate phenolic content and four in vitro methods like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potency (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity assays for measuring the antioxidant activities. Antioxidant values of these assays were expressed in terms of milligrams vitamin C equivalent (VCE) antioxidant activities. Results: This study showed that extract obtained with 40 minutes of sonication possessed significant (P \< 0.05) polyphenolic contents compared to 20 and 60 minutes sonication and control (24 hour maceration). Moreover, sonication of T. catappa leaf above 40 minutes was found to be unsuitable for extracting out phenolic contents. Even the results of antioxidant assays showed that 40 minutes of the sonicated extract exhibited significant (P \< 0.05) VCE values compared to extracts obtained at different intervals of sonication and control. Conclusions: In sonication extraction method 40 minutes is an ideal time to obtain extract enriched with high polyphenolic content with good antioxidant activity from T. catappa leaves.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, FRAP, Sonication, T. catappa, Vitamin C}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75457}, author = {HV Annegowda and LN Anwar and MN Mordix and MN Mordi and S Ramanathan and SM Mansor} } @article {208, title = {Natural Gastroprotective Remedy from the Branches of Spondias tuberosa Arruda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {455-459}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric ulcers are a worldwide health problem and their poor healing is one of the most important causes for their recurrence. Several species of Spondias are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, infections, and inflammation, among other conditions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties in vitro and gastroprotective effect in mice of the methanolic extract of branches of Spondias tuberosa (MEB). MEB was screened for antioxidant activities using different methods. Materials and Methods: Measurements of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins were also evaluated. The profile of phenolic compounds of extract was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MEB was investigated for acute and chronic toxicity and gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced lesions in Swiss mice. Results: The extract showed antioxidant activity in vitro and high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. The HPLC results identified the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and t-ferulic acid. The MEB showed no acute and chronic toxicity and in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, v. o., reduced the area of ulcerative lesions induced by ethanol in 73.74, 72.02, and 72.40{\textquoteright}, respectively. Conclusion: The oral treatment with the extract of S. tuberosa branches (MEB) showed gastroprotective and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Gastroprotective, Medicinal plants, Spondias tuberosa, Umbu}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_43_20}, author = {Amanda Dias de Araujo and George Souza Feitoza and Fernanda Granja da Silva Oliveira and Bruno Oliveira de Veras and Francinete Francis Lacerda and Nic{\'a}cio Henrique da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and Silvania T Paz and M{\'a}rio Ribeiro de Melo-J{\'u}nior and Jackson Roberto Guedes} } @article {975, title = {A Phytochemical Analysis and In vivo Effects of an Herbal Aphrodisiac Newtonia hildebrandtii on Male Wistar Rat Reproductive System}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: The study was aimed at screening phytochemicals and evaluating the effects of aqueous and 50\% (v/v) methanol stem bark extracts of Newtonia hildebrandtii on male rat reproductive system. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and were given different treatments of N. hildebrandtii extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. After 8 weeks, body and right testis weight, sperm concentration, hormonal levels, and histological structure of the testis were evaluated. Calorimetric method was used for quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, whereas gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for fingerprinting of chemical compounds. Results: Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly increased, whereas prolactin levels were significantly decreased in the treated groups compared to the control. Sperm parameters were significantly increased compared to the control. Treated animals showed significant increases in body weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelial height with the testes showing all the stages of spermatogenesis. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, steroids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of dimethylsilanediol; (R, R)-2,3-butanediol; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; succinimide; 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid, 1-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-5-ethyl-, ethyl ester; l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate; cis-13,16 docasadienoic acid, methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; and 2-chloro-benzoic acid N{\textquoteright}-[2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazin-2-yl)-acetyl]-hydrazide. Conclusion: N. hildebrandtii appears to possess androgenic and anabolic effects. The aforementioned phytochemicals seem to be responsible for its aphrodisiac effects. This study supports the ethno-aphrodisiac claims that have been made against it.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Estradiol, Seminiferous tubule, Sperm concentration, Spermatogenesis, Testosterone, Total flavonoids, Total phenols}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_112_19}, author = {Thomson Msiska and Anthony Mwakikunga and David Tembo and Fanuel Lampiao} } @article {288, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Medicinal Plant Tragia involucrata L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {188-194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {188}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to test the antioxidant and cytotoxic and DNA protection activities of ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from Tragia involucrata Linn. (Euphorbiaceae). Materials and Methods: The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, reducing power, and total antioxidant assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Cytotoxic activity of endophytic fungal extracts against MCF-7 and MOLT-4 cell lines was carried out using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method. Results: We have successfully isolated four endophytic fungi from T. involucrata, namely Penicillium citrinum CGJ-C1 (GenBank accession No. KT780618), P. citrinum CGJ-C2 (GenBank accession No. KP739821), Cladosporium sp. CGJ-D1 (GenBank accession No. KP739822), and Cryptendoxyla hypophloia CGJ-D2 (GenBank accession No. KT780619). The ethyl acetate extract of P. citrinum CGJ-C2 showed the highest antioxidant as well as cytotoxic activity among the four fungal extracts taken for the study. All the extracts showed moderate DNA protection activity. Conclusions: Further studies on the isolation and purification of the lead molecule will help in designing the novel therapy for different ailments associated with free radical generation.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, cytotoxicity, Endophytes, Tragia involucrata}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_137_17}, author = {Ananda Danagoudar and Chandrashekhar G. Joshi and Sunil Kumar Ravi and Heggodu G. Rohit Kumar and Balenahalli Narasingappa Ramesh} } @article {290, title = {Evaluation of Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cassia fistula Linn. Pod on Pancreas in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with oxidative stress. Medicinal plants and herbs are the rich sources of antioxidants which ameliorate oxidative stress-induced diabetic complications and could play an important role in the management of diabetes. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of 70\% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula pod on pancreas in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg b.wt.). The diabetic rats were administered orally with C. fistula pod extract at three different doses (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day) for 60 days. The results were compared with standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.wt./ day) treated rats. Relative pancreatic weight and serum insulin level were determined. Histopathological changes and oxidative stress parameters, i.e., lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance [TBARS]) and antioxidative defense markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and ascorbic acid), in the pancreas were investigated. Results: Oral administration of C. fistula pod extract (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day) or glibenclamide in diabetic rats significantly improved serum insulin level, total protein concentration, relative pancreatic weight, and mean diameter of islets of Langerhans as compared to diabetic control rats. Furthermore, treatment with extract also reduced TBARS levels and improved the levels of antioxidant markers in the pancreas. The histomorphological picture of the pancreas showed marked restoration of islets morphology. These results were comparable with glibenclamide. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that C. fistula pod extract possesses significant antidiabetic activity though enhanced insulin secretion, improvement of antioxidative status of pancreas, and preservation of the integrity of pancreatic islets.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cassia fistula, Insulin, Pancreas, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_95_17}, author = {Ram Niwas Jangir and Gyan Chand Jain} } @article {228, title = {Identification of Antidiabetic Compounds from Polyphenolic-rich Fractions of Bulbine abyssinica A. Rich Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {72-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbine abyssinica has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities traditionally. Previous work suggested its antidiabetic properties, but information on the antidiabetic compounds is still lacking. Objective: The present research exertion was aimed to isolate and identify biologically active polyphenols from B. abyssinica leaves and to evaluate their efficacy on carbohydrate digesting enzymes. Materials and Methods: Fractionation of the polyphenolic contents from the methanolic extract of B. abyssinica leaves was executed by the silica gel column chromatography to yield different fractions. The antioxidant activities of these fractions were carried out against 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In vitro antidiabetic experimentation was performed by evaluating the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity. The isolated polyphenols were then identified using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). Results: Out of the eight polyphenolic fractions (BAL 1{\textendash}8), BAL-4 has the highest inhibitory activity against ABTS radicals whereas BAL-6 showed potent ferric ion-reducing capacity. BAL-5 was the most effective fraction with antidiabetic activity with IC50 of 140.0 and 68.58 {\textpm} 3.2 {\textmu}g/ml for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, respectively. All the fractions competitively inhibited α-amylase, BAL-5 and BAL-6 also inhibited α-glucosidase competitively, while BAL-4 and BAL-1 exhibited noncompetitive and near competitive inhibitions against α-glucosidase, respectively. The LC/MS analysis revealed the presence of carvone in all the fractions. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the isolated polyphenols from B. abyssinica.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetics, Antioxidants, Bulbine abyssinica, Liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy, Medicinal plants, Polyphenolics}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_55_17}, author = {Samuel Wale Odeyemi and Anthony Jide Afolayan} } @article {379, title = {Quantitative and Qualitative analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid content in Moringa oleifera Lam and Ocimum tenuiflorum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {16-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. Moringa oleifera Lam. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are known for their wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Objective: To compare phenolic and flavonoid content in M. oleifera Lam and O. tenuiflorum L. by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Materials and Methods: Phenolic and flavonoid content were studied spectrophotometrically and by paper chromatography in M. oleifera Lam. and O. tenuiflorum L. Results: Higher phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in Moringa leaf and flower. Ocimum flower showed higher phenolic content and low flavonoid in comparison to Moringa. Flavonoids such as biflavonyl, flavones, glycosylflavones, and kaempferol were identified by paper chromatography. Phytochemical analysis for flavonoid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and anthraquinones were tested positive for Moringa and Ocimum leaf as well as flower. Conclusions: In the present study higher phenolic and flavonoid content, indicated the natural antioxidant nature of Moringa and Ocimum signifying their medicinal importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Ocimum, Phenolics, Phytochemicals, Qualitative analysis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.171095}, author = {Sangeeta Sankhalkar and Vrunda Vernekar} } @article {403, title = {In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {49-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in various pathological conditions. Synthetic antioxidants have adverse health effects, while many medicinal plants have antioxidant components that can prevent the harmful effects of ROS. Objectives: This study quantitatively determined the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of the stem bark of Terminalia glaucescens (EESTG). Materials and Methods: The objectives were achieved based on in vitro assays. Data were analyzed by Sigma Plot (version 11.0). Results: Using gallic acid as the standard compound, TPC value obtained was 596.57 {\textmu}g GAE/mg extract. TFC content of EESTG, determined as quercetin equivalent was 129.58 {\textmu}g QE/mg extract. Furthermore, EESTG significantly (P \< 0.001) displayed higher reducing power activity than the standard compounds (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]). Total antioxidant capacity assay, measured by phosphomolybdate method, was 358.33 {\textpm} 5.77 {\textmu}g butylated hydroxytoluene equivalents [BHTE]/mg extract. β-carotene-linoleate bleaching method affirmed the potency of EESTG because of its significantly (P \< 0.001) higher anti-oxidant activity when compared with quercetin and BHT. Based on DPPH assay, EESTG displayed significantly (P \< 0.001) higher activity than BHT, while the hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of BHT and quercetin significantly (P \< 0.001) exceeded that of the extract, although EESTG still displayed a high level of activity obtained as 83.77\% in comparison to 92.80\% of the standard compounds. Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate the presence of promisingly potent phytoconstituents in EESTG that have the capability to act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extract, free-radicals, Standard compounds, Terminalia glaucescens.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147200}, author = {J. Olorunjuwon Olugbami and Michael A. Gbadegesin and Oyeronke A. Odunola} } @article {839, title = {Effect of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (Jyothismati oil) on Acute and Chronic Immobilization Stress Induced In swiss Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {July 2010}, pages = {169-174}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {169}, abstract = {

Stress alters the homeostasis and is produced by several factors. Immobilization stress induced due to reduced floor area provided for the mobility results in the imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant status. The modern computer savvy world decreases human mobility in the working environment, leading to the formation of oxygen free radicals and if left untreated might result in severe health problems like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, premature aging and brain dysfunction. Hence, modern medicines rely upon the medicinal plants for some drugs with zero side effects. In this context, Jyothismati oil (JO), extracted from Celastrus paniculatus seeds, was used to treat acute and chronic immobilization induced experimentally. C. paniculatus plant is considered to be rich in antioxidant content and so the seed oil extract{\textquoteright}s efficacy was tested against immobilization stress in albino mice. The animals were kept in a restrainer for short and long durations, grouped separately and fed with the drug. Animals were sacrificed and the samples were analyzed. The antioxidant enzyme levels of the animals regained and markedly increased in the acute and chronic immobilized groups, respectively. The results suggested that the extract of C. paniculatus seed was highly efficacious in reducing the stress induced by least mobility for hours.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Celastrus paniculatus, Free radicals, Oxidative damage}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.65512}, author = {George Lekha and Karthik Mohan and Irudhaya Arockia Samy} } @article {847, title = {Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity of Hydroalcoholic and Aqueous Extracts from Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis Using the DPPH Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {238-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {238}, abstract = {

Bauhinia divaricata and Bougainvillea spectabilis are medicinal plants widely distributed in Mexico and they are used because of its potential hypoglycemic action; however, no free radical scavenging activity (RSA) studies over these plants are known. Thus, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from leaf and stem samples were evaluated for their RSA using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH{\textbullet}). Total phenolics and flavonoids extracts were determined too. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical program with the significance level set at P\<0.05. Bauhinia divaricata stem aqueous extracts with total phenols content of 12.98 mg GAE/g DW had the highest amount between samples. The same behavior was shown in flavonoids determination. However, when RSA was estimated it was found that stem aqueous extracts from Bougainvillea spectabilis produced more DPPH absorbance reduction (95.66\%), with an IC50 (the concentration to inhibit the oxidation of DPPH by 50\%) and AP (reciprocal of IC50) values of 0.03 μg/mL and 33.33, respectively. These results were superior to common synthetic antioxidants used in the food industry like butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, IC50=62 μg/mL) and can be useful for further applications of these plants or its constituents in pharmaceutical and alimentary preparations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bauhinia, Bougainvillea, Flavonoids, Phenolics}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Chaires-Mart{\'\i}nez L and Monroy-Reyes E and Bautista-Bringas A and Jim{\'e}nez-Avalos H. A and Sepulveda-Jim{\'e}nez G} }