@article {1419, title = {Identification and Quantification of Four Bioactive Markers in Sanjivani Vati Using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {619-626}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

Background: Sanjivani Vati (SV) is an extensively used multicomponent Ayurvedic medicine, recommended for fever, indigestion, dysentery, gastroenteritis and more. The pharmaceutical standardization of SV and estimation of its tannin and embelin content have been reported in previous studies. However, the identification and quantification of other bioactive constituents namely, aconitine, gallic acid and β-asarone, etc. remain unaddressed. Also, concerns arise regarding one of its ingredients i.e. Vatsanabha (Aconite species), historically recognized as one of the most poisonous plants. It is used after meticulous processing specified in classical texts. Still, it is crucial to identify the amount of aconitine being delivered in the drug to ensure optimal therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse reactions. In addition, another issue is that Vatsanabha is being sold as a mixture of various species in Indian markets. Previous research has highlighted significant qualitative and quantitative variations in the total alkaloid content among different species of Vatsanabha. Materials and Methods: The present communication deals with identifying and quantifying four bioactive markers viz. Gallic acid, Piperine, β-asarone and Aconitine in SV prepared with two species of Vatsanabha namely Aconitum nepellus L. (SV -1) and Aconitum balfourii Holmes ex Stapf (SV-2) using High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Results: Gallic acid, piperine and β-asarone were detected in both SV groups. However, aconitine was not detected in any of the samples. Identification was confirmed by matching the Rf and spectrum overlay. The selected solvent system yielded effective separation from the matrix with an \ value of 0.45{\textpm}0.01 for gallic acid, 0.27{\textpm}0.01 for piperine and 0.62{\textpm}0.01 for β-asarone. The amount of gallic acid was determined to be 1266 μg and 1395 μg in 100 mg of SV1 and SV2 respectively. Piperine was 35.70 μg and 49.95 μg per 100 mg of SV1 and SV2, respectively. β-asarone was 135.3 μg and 236.1 μg in SV1 and SV2 respectively. Conclusion: The concentration of all the detected biomarkers is higher in SV-2 than in SV-1. The presence of these marker compounds helps explain the probable mode of action of SV and offers simple, efficient methods for estimating these biomarkers.

}, keywords = {Aconitine, Ayurvedic medicine, Biomarkers, HPTLC, Sanjivani Vati, Vatsanabha}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252093}, author = {Shreshtha Kaushik and Nikhil Mehere and Mohit Upadhyay and Pramod Yadav and Pradeep Kumar Prajapati} } @article {1226, title = {Detection of HPTLC Fingerprint in Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn. HPTLC Finger Print Profile and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aerva lanata Linn. Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Natural products enhance the standard of living, which greatly contributes to maintaining human health. Associated oxidative stress-mediated problems have been treated using Aerva lanata Linn. Juss in traditional and folkloric medicine. Objectives: The research aims to analyze the phytochemical profile using HPTLC of MEAL (methanol extracts of Aerva lanata) and AEAL (aqueous extracts of Aerva lanata) and to determine in vitro antioxidant capacity of MEAL and AEAL. The use of HPTLC fingerprint analysis will aid in identifying and monitoring drug effectiveness and ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Materials and Methods: Total phenol content, free radical scavenging efficiency of DPPH (1,1 diphenyl 2 picryl hydrazyl), ferric ion reducing antioxidant, and phosphomolybdate assays were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity at various concentrations. Results: The number of phyto-constituents in MEAL at 375 nm and 550 nm was found to be more than AEAL. MEAL had a, stronger DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, higher phenol content, lower ferric ion antioxidant potential, and lower phosphomolybdenum assay. The natural phytoconstituents present in the plant extracts are responsible for antioxidant activity. As sample concentration increases, the antioxidant activity becomes more effective. Conclusion: The outcome results of the present investigation suggested that aerial parts ofAerva lanata could provide a source of natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, DPPH, Fingerprint profile, HPTLC, in vitro antioxidant activity., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.30}, author = {Rajesh. R} } @article {1264, title = {Exploring the Logic Behind the Usage of Fresh Drugs in Ayurvedic Formulations through Preliminary Phytochemistry and HPTLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {549-557}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic principles provide guidelines for medicinal herb usage, emphasizing differences in fresh and dried forms. Emphasis is given to the use of doubled quantities of raw drugs when taken in fresh form, focusing on some exceptions like Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Linn.), where double quantity is not required even if taken in fresh form. Despite this, practical challenges often favour the prevalent use of dried forms. Objectives: To validate the Ayurvedic principle for drug selection in formulations through preliminary phytochemistry and HPTLC analysis of Tinospora cordifolia Linn., stems and the decoction prepared with fresh and dry samples in different amounts. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried Tinospora cordifolia Linn., stems were separately extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol using a Soxhlet continuous extraction apparatus. Guduchi decoctions were prepared with dry and fresh drugs in the required quantities and double quantities. Chromatographic studies of these samples were analyzed using HPTLC with specific mobile phases. Results: Preliminary physicochemical analysis provided similar results for fresh and dry samples. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of more spots in decoction prepared with new samples and the spots were practically identical irrespective of the quantity taken. Analysis of dry Guduchi samples suggests that taking double the required amount in dry form is better. Further, the methanol extracts exhibited more spots, indicating the prevalence of polar compounds. Conclusion: This study enhances our understanding of Ayurvedic drug usage, suggesting using fresh Guduchi samples in decoctions. For dry samples, doubling the quantity is advised for optimal efficacy. It also provides a foundation for further exploration of its medicinal efficacy.

}, keywords = {Fresh and Dry drug selection, Guduchi, HPTLC, Preliminary phytochemistry, Soxlet extraction, Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.65}, author = {Sree Deepthi GN and Thirupataiah Boini and Praveen Balakrishnan and Krishna Kumar V and Sinimol TP} } @article {1320, title = {High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Analysis for the Quantification of Constituents in Ficus religiosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {929-934}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus religiosa, revered for its medicinal properties in traditional medicine, has drawn scientific interest due to its diverse chemical composition. This study aimed to develop a densitometric High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) technique to estimate phenolic compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extract of dried root bark of Ficus religiosa. Materials and Methods: This study utilized HPTLC to identify the constituents within Ficus religiosa root bark. The isolated constituent was evaluated by various analytical methods like phytochemical tests, UV, HPTLC etc. Subsequently, the HPTLC method underwent rigorous validation, confirming its reliability and accuracy in separating and quantifying the constituents within the root bark of Ficus religiosa. Results: Isolation of phytoconstituents was done by column chromatographic technique using toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol (3:3:2). The isolated component was confirmed as a flavonoid moiety by various chemical tests and by analytical evaluation. Also, HPTLC analysis of the isolate revealed the compound was Quercetin a flavonoid moiety or its derivative. Conclusion: These findings underscore the presence of main phytoconstituents in Ficus religiosa root bark which is responsible for pharmacological effects and offers insights into its application in both traditional and contemporary medicinal practices.

}, keywords = {Ficus religiosa, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Quantification, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.106}, author = {Jyothisree Gangadharan and Umadevi Sankararajan} } @article {1275, title = {HPTLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Quantification of Purpurin and Alizarin in Rubia cordifolia L. Roots and their Marketed Preparations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {652-661}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {652}, abstract = {

Background: Rubia cordifolia L. a spiky perennial climber of Rubiaceae family, is a rich reservoir of anthraquinone containing compounds purpurin and alizarin. It emerges as a versatile powerhouse possessing diverse pharmacological properties which includes antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, antiplatelet, potent blood purifier, diuretic, anti-stress, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antidiabetic and vasodilation. Thereby it offers a holistic approach for disease prevention through its pharmacological properties. Objectives: However due to lack of standardization for R. cordifolia roots and its derived marketed herbal products, its quality control remains a daunting task..The present study aims to develop a simple, novel, reliable and specific HPTLC method for quantifying purpurin and alizarin in R. cordifolia roots as well as in its marketed preparations. Materials and Methods: The separation and quantification of purpurin and alizarin has been carried out on HPTLC plates pre-coated with Silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase and toluene, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid (6:3.5:0.5; v/v/v) as mobile phase. Determination and quantification were performed by densitometric scanning at 254 nm. Results: The developed method gave compact spots at Rf 0.57{\textpm}0.007 for purpurin and 0.73{\textpm}0.008 for alizarin. The method was validated as per International Council for Harmonization Q2(R1) guidelines for specificity, precision, robustness, accuracy and recovery. Linearity range for purpurin and alizarin was 100-2000 ng/spot, which showed good regression coefficient for purpurin and alizarin; R{\texttwosuperior}=0.9967 and R{\texttwosuperior}=0.9941 at 254 nm respectively. The LOD and LOQ for validated marker compounds purpurin and alizarin at 254 nm were found as 23.87{\textpm}0.52, 71.61{\textpm}0.84 ng/spot and 18.36{\textpm}0.72, 55.08{\textpm}0.26 ng/spot respectively. The content of purpurin and alizarin in R. cordifolia plant extract was found as 17.960{\textpm}0.658, 34.645{\textpm}1.153 μg/mg, marketed preparation A, contains 21.741{\textpm}0.746 and 6.824{\textpm}0.485 μg/mg while marketed preparation B, contains 18.289{\textpm}1.014 and 3.031{\textpm}0.234 μg/mg of the sample. Conclusion: The developed method was found to be simple, precise, accurate, economical and convenient for rapid screening of bioactive marker purpurin and alizarin present in methanolic extracts of R. cordifolia roots and its marketed preparations.

}, keywords = {Alizarin, Densitometry, HPTLC, Method validation, Purpurin, Rubia cordifolia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.76}, author = {Rizwan Ahmad and Zeeshan Fatima and Sadath Ali and Suneela Dhaneshwar and Sayeed Ahmad} } @article {1269, title = {HPTLC, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) Seeds with Special Reference to its Ethnopharmacological Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {581-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Background: Kodo millet, botanically (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) is one among the minor millets cultivated mostly in Asian and African continents. Dr. M.S Swaminathan, father of Indian green revolution called all millets as orphan{\textquoteright}s food. Moreover, most of these millets including Kodo millets have been in use since antiquity by the indigenous communities across the globe for medicinal purpose also. Ayurvedic science also indicates Kodo millet in the management of conditions like diarrhoeal disorders, wound, poison, bleeding disorders, Obesity, Ascitis. In the scenario of escalating significance of millets in light of the United Nations General Assembly{\textquoteright}s declaration of 2023 as "The International Year of Millets," a scientific analysis of Kodo millet is urgently needed in order to standardize and ensure its quality. Objectives: For the purpose of standardizing Kodo Millet seeds, HPTLC, physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out. Review of literature of its ethnopharmacological uses was also done, because its documentation is essential for creating awareness among the public and scientific community. Materials and Methods: HPTLC and physico-chemical analysis of Kodo millet seed were conducted. Alcoholic extraction (reflux) of seed powder was done for phytochemical analysis. The best fingerprint for HPTLC analysis was obtained using Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid as the mobile phase (5:7:3:0.1). Review of literature of its ethnopharmacology was conducted by searching indexed journals and books. Results and Conclusion: Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Kodo millet grains. Proteins, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids were found to be the phytochemicals present in it. The peaks in the HPTLC fingerprint profile correlate to its different phytoconstituents and can be utilized to standardize the drug. Ethnopharmacological review revealed its use in many conditions like Diabetes mellitus, wound healing, bowel cleansing and inflammation. Moreover, it is even used in treating veterinary diseases like Ranikhet disease in poultry and Tympanic disease of cattle.

}, keywords = {Ethnopharmacology, HPTLC, Kodo Millet, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.69}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Sree Deepthi GN and Soumya MC and Sreenidhi Varma and Natarajan M} } @article {1323, title = {Profiling of Iron Weed: An Ethnopharmacological Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {949-967}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

Background: Baccharoides anthelmintica L., known as Iron weed or Kali Jeeri, is a traditional medicinal plant used for treating asthma, sores, inflammation, and various other ailments. It boasts pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and larvicidal properties. Despite its therapeutic potential, comprehensive anatomical information, particularly macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical parameters, and HPTLC fingerprinting is lacking, which is crucial for its authentication and prevention of adulteration. Objective: This study aims a detailed analysis focusing on its pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical parameters, and HPTLC fingerprinting to detect alkaloids and diterpenes contributing to its medicinal properties in both whole plant and seed forms. Materials and Methods: The whole plants and seeds of Baccharoides anthelmintica L. were collected and macroscopic and microscopic features were documented for identification. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash value, and extractive values were determined using standard protocols. Preliminary phytochemical screening identified bioactive compounds, while HPTLC analysis fingerprinted alkaloids and diterpenes. Results: All parameters examined in this study, revealed distinctive features aiding in identification, differentiating from potential adulterants, provided essential data for standardization and quality control. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids and diterpenes, supporting its traditional uses. HPTLC fingerprinting validated the presence of these compounds, highlighting the plant{\textquoteright}s pharmacological potential. Conclusion: This comprehensive data enhances our understanding of Baccharoides anthelmintica L. through pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical perspectives. It provides crucial data for authentication, quality assessment, and utilization in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical sectors, supporting sustainable healthcare practices.

}, keywords = {Baccharoides anthelmintica L., HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.109}, author = {Saloni Kothari and Devangi Chachad} } @article {1130, title = {Analytical Quality by Design (AQBD) Assisted Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Estimation of Rottlerin in Topical Patch Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {267-276}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: Rottlerin, a natural polyphenolic ketone is a major constituent of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg. plant. Although, less explored it has diverse array of therapeutic applications. Objectives: The current work aimed to develop novel, simple, speedy, accurate, potent High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Method (HPTLC) to separate, and quantify rottlerin from the herbal topical patch In-House formulation. Materials and Methods: This was the foremost attempt to develop and validate HPTLC method using Analytical Quality by design (AQbD) approach. Box Behnken design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology approach was followed for the systematic optimization. The end results of toluene content, chamber conditioning time, and solvent front on Rf value of rottlerin was studied. The optimised method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Results: For HPTLC, stationary phase used was aluminium plates 60F254 coated with silica gel as. AQbD optimised conditions were mobile phase proportion namely toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (5:4:2:0.2), development distance 80 mm, band width 6mm, and chamber saturation time 10 min. The method generated well resolved and compact bands at Rf of 0.41{\textpm}0.05. The developed method exhibited high accuracy, precision, robustness, and recovery. The quantity of Rottlerin in developed herbal patch was found to be 134.8 ng/band. Conclusion: In a nutshell, the present study undeniably vouches for a QbD based method development approach for Rottlerin and can be extrapolated to estimate it in other herbal extracts, or marketed formulations

}, keywords = {Analytical Quality by design (AQbD), HPTLC, Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg., Rottlerin, Topical patch.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.029}, author = {Kaumudee Bodas and Vaibhav M Shinde and Deshmukh Vishal and Deshmukh Sheetal} } @article {1199, title = {Chemical Characterization of Two Botanicals from Genus Alternanthera - A. brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and A. paronychioides A. St.-Hil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {42-50}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicine has become part and parcel of the present era for the maintaining and preventing of ailments. Alternanthera brasiliana and Alternanthera paronychioides (Amaranthaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. Ab is widely familiar as penicillin in Brazil. Ap is known to treat gout, hyperuricemia, rheumatic arthritis, nephritis etc. as folk medicine. The present study aims to compare standardization profiles for A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides. Materials and Methods: Sample Ab and Ap were collected and authenticated. Authenticated samples were subjected to powder microscopy, physico-chemical, phytochemical, HPTLC and HPLC fingerprint and PXRD analysis. Results: Powder microscopic investigations revealed the characteristic features for identification. Physico-chemical investigation revealed the slightly acidic nature of both plants. The phytochemical test showed the existence of phenol, terpenoids and steroids as major secondary metabolites in both species. Photo documentation, fingerprints and spectral comparison by HPTLC and fingerprints by HPLC validate the existence of similar compounds in both Ab and Ap. PXRD analysis revealed the variance of elements present in both species. Conclusion: Comparative physico-chemical, phytochemical and HPLC, HPTLC, and P-XRD instrumental analysis of A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides provides distinct features for identification.

}, keywords = {Amaranthaceae, chromatographic fingerprinting, Comparative standardization, HPLC, HPTLC, PXRD.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.6}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Rajesh Allu and Rajesh Chandran and Divya Kallingil Gopi and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Radha Prakasam and Shakila Ramachandran} } @article {1181, title = {Estimation of Ursolic Acid in Methanolic Extract of Momordica dioica by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {727-732}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {727}, abstract = {

Background: A number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications have been shown to lessen pain and inflammation. Unfortunately, there are numerous side effects connected with their use. There are, however, medicinal plants that have anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects with little to no side effects. Momordica dioica is a herb that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. There are numerous phytoconstituents in it. Ursolic acid is one of them and a pentacyclic terpenoid that is found in nature and has a number of therapeutic benefits. The current study looked at Ursolic Acid{\textquoteright}s activities (UA), a secondary plant metabolite, for its anti-inflammatory properties in the Momordica dioica plant. The current study{\textquoteright}s objective was to create and validate an HPTLC method that was quick, accurate, precise, and specific for determining ursolic acid from Momordica dioica herbal extract. Methodology/Conclusion/Significance: For quick analysis of Ursolic acid determination, The High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was established and confirmed. On an aluminium HPTLC plate (60 F254) coated with precoated silica gel with formic acid, ethyl acetate, and toluene (7:3:0,1), chromatographic separation was accomplished. The detection process was carried out at 530 nm. Ursolic acid{\textquoteright}s Rf value was discovered to be 0.795\%. In the 400ng/band concentration range, linearity for ursolic acid was detected. The limits of detection and quantitation for ursolic acid were observed to be 0.04 ng/ band and 0.14 ng/band, respectively. The mean \% recovery of rosmarinic acid was (0.54). The method{\textquoteright}s specificity, robustness, linearity, precision, and accuracy have all been validated in compliance with ICH standards. The created method can be used to evaluate the regularity of ursolic acid in herbal extracts.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Herbal extract, HPTLC, Inflammation, Methanol, momordica dioica, Rf value, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.077}, author = {Jui Darbhe and Vrushali Neve and Vrushali Bhalchim and Ashwini Tonpe and Pritam Khandave and Suchita Mane and Rupali Yewale} } @article {1207, title = {HPTLC, Physico-chemical, Phytochemical, Macroscopic, Microscopic Analysis of Seeds of a Nutri Cereal-Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {118-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Finger Millet/Ragi [(Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.], an important nutri cereal/ millet is being cultivated in various regions across the globe. The largest cultivating continents are Asia and Africa. In this scenario of mounting importance to millets/nutri cereals as the U.N General Assembly announced {\textquoteleft}The International Year of Millets 2023{\textquoteright}, there was an urgent need for analysing this drug scientifically, for the purpose of standardisation and quality control. Objectives: HPTLC, physico-chemical, phytochemical, macroscopic, microscopic analysis of seeds of Finger Millet were conducted for standardization. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopic analysis (Anatomical and Powder Microscopy), and physico-chemical analysis of powder of seeds/grains of Finger millet were done. For, phytochemical analysis, alcoholic extraction (reflux) was performed in the powder of the drug. For HPTLC analysis, the best fingerprint was obtained in with Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5: 3: 0.1) as mobile phase. Results: In anatomical study, unique 5-layered testa, starchy endosperm, and single aleurone layer were identified. Physicochemical analysis revealed identity and purity of Ragi. Terpenoids, quinines, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and glycosides were identified as the constituent phytochemicals. The fingerprint profile of HPTLC exhibited many peaks which correspond to the various phytoconstituents present in Ragi. Conclusion: The results of the study will be beneficial in identifying Finger millet as the whole drug or in powder form, and thus standardising the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Finger Millet, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.14}, author = {Sinimol Thekkekkoottumughath Peethambaran and Soumya Mohanan Chandrika and Sree Deepthi Girija Nalinakshan and Meghna Pooleriveettil Padikkal and Reena Viswam Lilly and Neethu Kannan Bhagyanathan and Ghanthikumar Subramanian} } @article {1154, title = {Physico-chemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole Plant)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {492-496}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quality, safety, and efficacy are the three main components of any therapy used for disease cure. Ayurveda encompasses vast knowledge regarding the use of numerous herbal sources for disease management. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Known as Mundi) is one such drug praised in classical as well as contemporary medicinal science for its therapeutic efficacy. The present study aims at development of quality standards for the Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole plant) sample utilizing physico-chemical and phytochemical analysis. Objectives: To perform physico-chemical, phytochemical, HPTLC, FTIR and UV analysis of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn (Whole plant) sample. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical analysis was done as per the guidelines mentioned by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical analysis, HPTLC, FTIR and UV analysis was done as per the globally accepted standard guidelines. Observations and Results: The observed values were then compared to the standard values to make the monograph of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Whole Plant).

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Geraniol, HPTLC, Mundi, Sphaeranthus indicus.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.3.051}, author = {Sumedh Joshi and Megha and Bhargav Vijay Bhide and Shivani Ghildiyal and Tanuja Manoj Nesari} } @article {995, title = {GC-MS analysis of Phytocomponents in the Methanol Extract of Premna latifolia Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: According to existing literature, the genus Premna has a variety of biologically active secondary metabolites, but there are few findings on phytochemical screening of P. latifolia Roxb. Methanolic leaves extract. Objectives: Phytochemical screening of methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia was proposed for this study. Materials and Methods: UV-chamber, HPTLC instrument (CAMAG TLC Scanner), and GC-MS instrument (Perkin-Elmer GC- Clarus) were used to analyse methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia. To compare the peaks of components on chromatograms, the NIST library was employed. Results: The current study used GC-MS to identify probable chemical components of P. latifolia. The GC-MS analysis and NIST library comparison revealed that the methanolic extract of P. latifolia contained mainly Squalene (13.57 percent), Ergosta-5, 7, 9 (11), 22-tetraen-3-ol, (3. beta, 22E)-(0.15 percent), Stigmasterol (3.73 percent), gamma-Sitosterol (10.13 percent), Lupeol (0.33), beta-Amyrin (2.27 percent), alpha-Amyrin (2.05 percent), gamma-Sitostenone (0.35 percent), Ursolic aldehyde (1.01 percent) and Betulin (0.72 percent). The biological actions of the majority of the identified components have been reported. While scientific evidence of gamma-sitostenone{\textquoteright}s biological function is still not available. Conclusion: According to the findings, P. latifolia contains a variety of biologically active components, the majority of which are tri-terpenoids and phytosterols.

}, keywords = {GC-MS Analysis, HPTLC, Methanolic leaves extract., Phytocomponents TLC, Premna latifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.1.4}, url = {https://phcogres.com/fulltext/v14i1/105530pres1414.html}, author = {Rajesh Kumar and Brijesh Kumar and Ashutosh Kumar and Ajay Kumar and Manish Singh} } @article {1093, title = {Quantitative Estimation of Immunomodulatory Flavonoid Quercetin by HPTLC in Different Leafy Vegetables Available in West Bengal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {423-428}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leafy vegetables are commonly consumed medicinal plants used in various metabolic and infectious diseases. Additionally, their antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities have been reported in the literature. Objectives: To determine the quantity of immunomodulatory flavonoid, quercetin in different types of leafy vegetables available in West Bengal by using a simple validated HPTLC method. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic analysis was performed by using aluminium-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates with Toluene{\textendash}Ethyl acetate{\textendash}Formic acid 5:4:0.2 (\%v/v) as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Results: The total flavonoid content (TFC) in the four leafy vegetables studied varied between 58.10 to 12.28 mg QE/g. Well-separated and compact spots (Rf) of quercetin (0.55{\textpm}0.03) were detected. The regression equation obtained was y = 0.0011x - 0.0569, with a correlation coefficient (R{\texttwosuperior}) of 0.9939. The linearity range (μg/spot) was 60-160. The LOD/LOQ (ng/spot) was 6.09/18.47. Murraya koenigii (0.1992{\textpm}0.037 \%w/w) contained the maximum amount of quercetin compared to Ipomoea aquatic (0.1501{\textpm}0.039\%w/w), Coriandrum sativum (0.1430{\textpm}0.061\%w/w) and Trigonella foenum- graecum (0.1201{\textpm}0.055\%w/w) in methanolic extract. Conclusion: This study revealed that the validated HPTLC method was simple, accurate and sensitive for separating and quantifying quercetin in different leaf vegetables. Quercetin content was highest in Murraya koenigii (0.1992{\textpm}0.037 \%w/w), and least in Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.1201{\textpm}0.055 \%w/w). The developed method might be used further in standardizing and quality control of secondary metabolites in herbal formulations

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, HPTLC, Leafy vegetables, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.62}, author = {Tushar Adhikari and Prerona Saha} } @article {992, title = {Phytochemical and Network Pharmacology Based Evaluation of Antiepileptic Potential of Identified Metabolites in Argimone mexicana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {208-217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Quality-based assessment of herbal drugs or products is being more concerning for their quality, safety and regulatory purpose. A. mexicana is a traditional herbal medicine that has a long history in the treatment of arthritis, anti-fungal anti-cancer and brain disorders. Aim: Due to lack of scientific evidence based on phytopharmacology, the study is aimed for phytochemical and antiepileptic evaluation of identified metabolites in A. mexicana. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical identification was done using MS, FTIR and 1H-NMR and quantitated using HPTLC densitometric analysis. Further, ADME and network pharmacology studies were performed to evaluate biological response of identified metabolites. Results: The resulted outcomes of the spectral analysis suggest isolated compounds as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, berberine and angoline. In HPTLC quantitative analysis, the content of ferulic acid, caffeic acid, berberine and angoline was found as 3.475 {\textpm} 0.028, 1.036 {\textpm} 0.013, 0.714 {\textpm} 0.014 and 0.738 {\textpm} 0.081 μg/mg of A. mexicana extract. In ADME analysis, berberine and angoline showed good bioavailable response while in network pharmacology analysis, except angoline, all the metabolites significantly interacted with several genes (SOD1, NOS, MAPK3, UGT1As, G6PD, ACOT2, BAAT etc) associated with brain ischemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress or the genes response for elimination of toxins from the body. Conclusion: Hence, the study enlightens that A. mexicana possess several major and minor metabolites and which can be the key parameter for further quality and regulatory based assessment of A. Mexicana and biological role against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced epileptic seizure.

}, keywords = {ADME analysis, Argemone mexicana L., HPTLC, Network pharmacology, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.13}, author = {Vinod Gahlot and Dinesh Kumar Yadav} } @article {519, title = {Bioactivity of Diterpens from the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {287-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Background: Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams. is an endangered medicinal plant used in gonorrhoe, catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. The scientific and pharmacological formulation of K. pinnatum has not been established so far though it is being traditionally used by tribes of the region. Objective: P hytochemical screening and identification of the bioactive compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams. Materials and Methods: Chromatographic separation was carried out by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. Bio-autography of the column fractioned extract and TLC chromatogram were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity. The PTLC, HP TLC were used for crude extract and HPLC, LCMS, FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR were employed for the isolated compound in the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum. Results: Evaluation of solvent system for chromatographic separation revealed that ethyl acetate: petroleum ether in the ratio of 7:2.5 ml was the most appropriate one for the separation of diterpene compounds. The antibacterial bio-autography screening of TLC separated compound showed positive activity with Staphylococcus aureus and negative activity with Escherichia coli. Spectroscopic analysis of the isolated compound from the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum revealed the presence of diterpene compound. Conclusion: It is evident from the present study that the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum is rich in diterpene compounds and having potential antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Bio-autography, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, NMR}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.188871}, author = {Komal Kumar Javarappa and Attemode Girijanna Devi Prasad and Mahadesh Prasad AJ and Chetana Mane} } @article {767, title = {Proximate and Qualitative Analysis of Different parts of Piper sarmentosum, and Quantification of Total Amides in Various Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {113-119}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Present study aimed to analyze crude powders and extracts of different parts of Piper sarmentosum for proximate, qualitative and quantitative studies to prepare standardized botanical drugs from the plant. Unlike synthetic drugs, standardization of botanical drugs is always challenging for natural product researchers due to inadequacy and unavailability of standards and methods. Standardization of botanical drugs is not just an analytical process which ends with the detection of few constituents rather it embodies a set of analytical, biochemical and biological protocols. Keeping analytical protocols in view, crude powders were analyzed for the content of moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash and soluble extractives in water and methanol. These physicochemical properties were found within specified limits. Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) fingerprints of crude powders of different parts indicated the difference of constituents. Similarly, comparison of ultra violet (UV) profiles of extracts of all the parts exhibited discrimination. Qualitative analysis of aqueous and ethanol extracts by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) indicated the presence of amides in ethanol extracts of all parts of the plant. Quantitative analysis of extracts indicated that total amide content was significantly higher by colorimetry as compared to UV spectrophotometry. The distribution of amides in different parts was in the order fruit \> root \> leaf \> stem (P=0.000). It is concluded from the study that amide content varies in different parts of the plant and ethanol is a better solvent for their extraction. Additionally, colorimetric method exhibits high content of amides.

}, keywords = {FTIR, HPTLC, Piper sarmentosum, Piperaceae, Standardization}, doi = {Nil}, author = {K. Hussain and Z. Ismail and A. Sadikun and P. Ibrahim} }