@article {1377, title = {A Unique Method for Simultaneous HPLC Analysis of Gallic Acid, Glycyrrhizic Acid and E-Guggulsterone in a Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {295-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {295}, abstract = {

Background: The therapeutic effects of herbal medicines are exerted due to the presence of different phytoconstituents and the effects are further potentiated when compatible herbals are formulated together. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an important analytical tool towards standardization of polyherbal formulation. Complex nature, co- existence with other constituents trace quantities of active phytoconstituents and their simultaneous estimation are challenges encountered in HPLC analysis of polyherbal formulation. Simultaneous estimation of active biomarkers in polyherbal formulation by HPLC provides a unique method for verifying the quality and efficacy of polyherbal formulation. Materials and Methods: Present research work is about inventing an unique, selective and sensitive HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method for simultaneous estimation of Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizic acid and E-Guggulsterone from a polyherbal formulation containing thirteen Ethnobotanical herbs, reported to have Cardioprotective effects, marketed as Collasyn tablets by Dr. Palep Research Labs Ltd. in Indian market. Reverse-phase column (C18, 250 mM X4.6 mM i.d., 5μm) was used to analyze the marker compounds Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizic acid and E-Guggulsterone at λmax 224 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and 0.05\% OPA (Ortho-phosphoric acid) in water (50:50) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Results: A unique HPLC method is developed for simultaneous estimation of active markers-Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizic acid and E-Guggulsterone from the polyherbal formulation. Quantitative analysis shows Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizic acid and E-Guggulsterone to be 11.47\%, 1.05\% and 0.63\% respectively in the polyherbal formulation. The developed method is validated in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals guidelines. The method shows good linearity in a relatively wide range of Concentration of 50-150 mcg/mL. The method is also found to be precise, accurate and robust. Conclusion: This unique and validated method for simultaneous estimation of cardioprotective biomarkers Gallic acid, Glycyrrhizic acid and E-Guggulsterone from polyherbal formulation, marketed as Collasyn tablets by Dr. Palep Research Labs Ltd. is important for its quality control. It helps in harnessing the complete plant potential for therapeutics. Thus, this approach to standardizing polyherbal formulations will be instrumental in verifying the quality and efficacy of the polyherbal extract. The simultaneous estimation of constituents from plants presents a significant advancement in phytochemical analysis, offering a comprehensive understanding of plant properties and their potential applications. The methodologies employed demonstrate high efficiency and accuracy, allowing for the effective quantification of multiple compounds in a single analytical run. This approach not only streamlines the process of phytochemical profiling but also enhances the ability to explore the therapeutic potentials of various plant species.

}, keywords = {Cardioprotective, HPLC, Method development, Method validation, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252013}, author = {Bharati Gawade and Swati Patil} } @article {1290, title = {HPLC Based Metabolomic Fingerprint Profiling as A Comprehensive Quality Assessment Tool, Why Not for Standardization of Ayurvedic Herbs and Formulations?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {677-687}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

A global resurgence and rampant increase in the usage of herbal medicines has led to malpractices in the absence of adequate regulatory control to meet the growing demand. To ensure quality and hence efficacy, of these drugs is the prime concern. The reason for poor regulatory control over herbal drugs is lack of adequate and accepted methods for evaluating them. In spite of technological advancement in analytical methods and instruments, standardization of herbal drugs is still an elusive goal. High Performance Liquid chromatography based metabolomic fingerprint profiling approach for different herbs and herbal formulations can be answer to this. HPLC based this approach is robust, precise, quantitative, easy to use, thus safeguarding that herbal medicine can be authenticated for their quality evaluation. In this review an introduction is given that why the quality evaluation of herbal medicine is important by means of HPLC based metabolomics. This approach includes extraction, chromatographic analysis and chemometric analysis to the produced chromatographic data. Various studies based on this approach are discussed that can be the torch light and helpful to keep the Legacy of intangible ayurvedic culture intact, that why and how this approach should be adopted.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Chemometric, Fingerprint, HPLC, Metabolomics, Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.79}, author = {Nikunj Patel and Khushi Dave and Rinkal Patel and Kunjal Vegad and Niranjan Kanaki} } @article {1245, title = {Micromorphology, Physiognomies and Bio-element Analysis of Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {414-422}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {414}, abstract = {

Background: Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. is a glabrous perennial herb having simple, sessile leaf and yellow flower. In Ayurveda it is used as a botanical source of Gojihva. The herb is said to be useful as a Shaka (vegetable) and medicine for various diseases like Raktapitta (hemorrhagic disorders), Shwaasa (breathing problems), Kasa (cough), Kushtha (skin diseases), Vrana (wounds), Visarpa (erysipelas), Prameha (diabetes mellitus), and Aruchi (anorexia). Few researches have also been published on its analgesic, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-diabetic and wound healing but its micromorphology, pharmacognosy, physiochemical and bio-element analysis is not reported yet. Objectives: The present study was carried out to study the micromorphology, pharmacognosy, physiochemical and bio-element analysis for proper identification and authentication of the herb. Materials and Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical, phytochemical parameters and bio-element analysis were done using different chemicals and reagents with standard procedures. Results: The presence of golden yellow latex in the root of the herb is identification characteristic. Calcium oxalate crystals and stone cells were seen in powder study. The GC-MS analysis identified 25 metabolites which comprised of fatty acids, sugars, amino acids etc. HPLC analysis revealed presence of 10 metabolites among which Cichoric acid was found in maximum concentration. Conclusion: The results of the study will help for the proper identification and authentication of the herb.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, GC-MS, Gojihva, HPLC, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.2.51}, author = {Shivani Ghildiyal and Vishal Kumar and Yashika Bidhuri and Tanuja Manoj Nesari and Debabrata Sircar} } @article {1199, title = {Chemical Characterization of Two Botanicals from Genus Alternanthera - A. brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and A. paronychioides A. St.-Hil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {42-50}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicine has become part and parcel of the present era for the maintaining and preventing of ailments. Alternanthera brasiliana and Alternanthera paronychioides (Amaranthaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. Ab is widely familiar as penicillin in Brazil. Ap is known to treat gout, hyperuricemia, rheumatic arthritis, nephritis etc. as folk medicine. The present study aims to compare standardization profiles for A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides. Materials and Methods: Sample Ab and Ap were collected and authenticated. Authenticated samples were subjected to powder microscopy, physico-chemical, phytochemical, HPTLC and HPLC fingerprint and PXRD analysis. Results: Powder microscopic investigations revealed the characteristic features for identification. Physico-chemical investigation revealed the slightly acidic nature of both plants. The phytochemical test showed the existence of phenol, terpenoids and steroids as major secondary metabolites in both species. Photo documentation, fingerprints and spectral comparison by HPTLC and fingerprints by HPLC validate the existence of similar compounds in both Ab and Ap. PXRD analysis revealed the variance of elements present in both species. Conclusion: Comparative physico-chemical, phytochemical and HPLC, HPTLC, and P-XRD instrumental analysis of A. brasiliana and A. paronychioides provides distinct features for identification.

}, keywords = {Amaranthaceae, chromatographic fingerprinting, Comparative standardization, HPLC, HPTLC, PXRD.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.6}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Rajesh Allu and Rajesh Chandran and Divya Kallingil Gopi and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Radha Prakasam and Shakila Ramachandran} } @article {1137, title = {Investigating the Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Activities of Azadirachta indica L. through Biochemical Assays}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {242-254}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Background: Azadirachta indica L., commonly known as {\textquoteleft}neem{\textquoteright} is a member of the Mahagony family, widely available in Indian sub-continents. Neem tree is popularly known for its vast therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, insecticides and pesticides. The plant leaves are commonly used in several Ayurvedic formulations such as {\textquoteleft}kwath{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}churna.{\textquoteright} Due to its high therapeutic value, it is important to standardize and document the quality parameters of the plant leaves. The A. indica leaves were collected, shade dried and pharmacognostic parameters were performed using techniques such as microscopy, physicochemical tests, viz., extractive values, total ash, acid insoluble ash. Apart from this, pharmacological assays for antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities were performed. Based on the assays and preliminary phytochemical analysis, best extract was selected for further compound(s) detection by HPLC and HPTLC. Results: Neem methanolic extract was found to possess various phytochemicals compared to hexane extract, the methanolic extract of neem leaves also exhibited excellent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity along with good antimicrobial against gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Through HPLC and HPTLC analysis, presence of rutin hydrate, ellagic acid, and quercetin was observed in the neem leaf methanolic extract. The pharmacognostic tests values were found similar to that of stated in IP-2022. Conclusion: This is one of the first kind of research to provide a comprehensive pharmacognostic profile of leaves of A. indica L. as well as its pharmacological evaluation along with compounds detection by high throughput analysis.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant assay, Azadirachta indica, HPLC, HPTLC., Physicochemical analysis, α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.026}, author = {Mamta Yadav and Smita Mishra and Ritu Tiwari and Bhavna Kumari and Mayank Shukla and Meenakshi Dahiya and Anil Teotia and Varsha Mehra and Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan and Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi} } @article {1145, title = {Separation of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Three Rutaceous Plants by Capillary Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {392-398}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {392}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the phytochemical analysis of various multi component mixtures, Capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was considered as the best alternative tool due to high efficiency resolution separations, low solvent consumption and less maintenance costs. Materials and Methods: This study uses CE and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to evaluate the major components of methanolic leaf extract of Rutaceous plants. And also, to assess the purity of the components in isolated fractions and most importantly for the qualitative identification of the individual components of extracts based upon the relative retention time and UV profile. Results: The separation of the compounds in HPLC was attained by using ACE-5-C18 (250 x 4.6 mm) with a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, with the UV detection at 254 nm and CE was equipped with a UV diode-array detector and bare, fused silica capillaries (56 cm 50 μm) with micro extended light path were used for the separations. Conclusion: Our study reveals that CE technique is a simple, economical and convenient method and shown high-resolution for multi-components found in plant extracts compared with HPLC profiles.

}, keywords = {Capillary Electrophoresis, HPLC, Relative Retention Time, Rutaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.042}, author = {Chakravarthi Guntupalli and Narender Malothu and Ankarao Areti and Buchi N Nalluri and Praveen Sivadasu and Narayanarao Alla} } @article {519, title = {Bioactivity of Diterpens from the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {August 2016}, pages = {287-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Background: Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams. is an endangered medicinal plant used in gonorrhoe, catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and respiratory tracts. The scientific and pharmacological formulation of K. pinnatum has not been established so far though it is being traditionally used by tribes of the region. Objective: P hytochemical screening and identification of the bioactive compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum Rox. Hams. Materials and Methods: Chromatographic separation was carried out by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography. Bio-autography of the column fractioned extract and TLC chromatogram were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activity. The PTLC, HP TLC were used for crude extract and HPLC, LCMS, FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR were employed for the isolated compound in the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum. Results: Evaluation of solvent system for chromatographic separation revealed that ethyl acetate: petroleum ether in the ratio of 7:2.5 ml was the most appropriate one for the separation of diterpene compounds. The antibacterial bio-autography screening of TLC separated compound showed positive activity with Staphylococcus aureus and negative activity with Escherichia coli. Spectroscopic analysis of the isolated compound from the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum revealed the presence of diterpene compound. Conclusion: It is evident from the present study that the ethyl acetate extract of K. pinnatum is rich in diterpene compounds and having potential antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Bio-autography, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, NMR}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.188871}, author = {Komal Kumar Javarappa and Attemode Girijanna Devi Prasad and Mahadesh Prasad AJ and Chetana Mane} }