@article {1520, title = {Box{\textendash}Behnken Design Based Optimisation of HPTLC Method for Analysis of Jatrorrhizine from Tinospora cordifolia Roots with Antidiabetic Activity Assessment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {1382-1394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1382}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia root (T. cordifolia) is a well-known Ayurvedic herb with immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It contains Jatrorrhizine (JZ), a bioactive alkaloid with antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and metabolic health benefits, similar to berberine. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the JZ content in T. cordifolia root obtained via different extraction method and to optimise the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The extracts were assessed for in vitro test evaluation. Materials and Methods: A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of RSM, a mathematical and statistical method, was applied to optimize the impact of independent variable on the response. Three independent variables like the different concentration of the mobile phase were studied. The in vitro analysis was also done. Results: The content of JZ was quantified using the HPTLC densiometric method. HPTLC confirmed the presence of JZ with a prominent band at an Rf value of 0.70{\textpm}0.008 using a mobile phase of chloroform: toluene: methanol: formic acid (7:4:2:0.2 v/v). The in vitro analysis of the extract showed a significant result and was found to be α-amylase in TRM 27.71{\textpm}0.70 and α-glucosidase in TRM 43.45{\textpm}1.31. Conclusion: This work examines various extraction procedures, including Soxhlet, maceration and reflux, and introduces a novel methodology to enhance extraction efficiency, advance the phytochemical analysis of JZ. This suggests that T. cordifolia may have therapeutic potential in diabetes management.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Jatrorrhizine, Response surface methodology, α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252320}, author = {Neeraj Kumar and Akanksha A and Rama Tyagi and Shubham Singh and Mohd Aqil and Abul kalam Najmi and Mohd Vaseem Ismail and Mohd. Mujeeb} } @article {1422, title = {FTIR Analysis, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Hildegardia populifolia (Roxb.) Schott and Endl. (Malvaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {679-688}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {679}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes has become a major public health issue in developing countries, with rising prevalence in urban populations. Type II diabetes, the most common form, can be managed with medication, diet and exercise. In India, Ayurvedic medicine utilizes botanicals for treating various conditions. Hildegardia populifolia, an endangered plant, has shown promise due to its therapeutic properties. Objectives: The aim and objectives of this study were to identify the active constituents by preliminary phytochemical screening, characterise the functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosocpy, analyse the total amount of phenols and to study the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of aqueous leaf extract of Hildegardia populifolia. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic content was measured with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-diabetic potential was assessed by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method using α-amylase inhibition assay. Results: Phytochemical study of the extract revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and terpenoids. The total phenolic content was 27.05 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract. FTIR analysis showed the presence of 16 peaks representing functional groups like OH, C=C, C=O, C-Br, etc. The plant extract demonstrated good antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, likely to the standard, ascorbic acid and acarbose respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Hildegardia populifolia has strong potential for future research in developing therapeutic agents with both antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, contributing to the search for innovative treatments for diabetes.

}, keywords = {3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid, Acarabose, Folin-Ciocalteu, α-Amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252113}, author = {Satyavarapu Veera Venkata Naga Satya Mahalakshmi and Durga Bhavani Penmetsa and Kondal Reddy Yennam and Sadasivaiah Byalla} } @article {1105, title = {Formulation and in-vitro Antidiabetic Assessment of Plumbago zeylanica Root Extract Containing Tablet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {56-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

The plant processed herbal formulation have significant role in drug discovery, same time phytoconstituents have high pharmacological potential to treat the various ailments such as diabetes or chronic hyperglycemia. The present research aims to explore and investigate the antidiabetic potential of roots of hyperglycemia Linn. During the study pharmacognosy and formulation of herbal tablet has been done. Fresh roots of plant were collected, two enzymes named as alpha-Amylase and alpha-Glucosidase were obtained from Sigma Aldric. Extraction and fractionation along with phytochemical screening was performed Herbal tablets were made using the direct compression method. The n-butanol fraction of plant extract was mixed with the excipients and compressed into tablets. Different batches of formulations were prepared by dry granulation technique. The maximum in vitro dissolution was found to be with formulation F2 that exhibit the extreme proportion of accumulative release of drug (93.96\%) due to the optimized concentration of PVP and Chitosan and the formulations F2 has potent Antidiabetic Activity and also have antioxidant potential that was performed in this study. Plant extract has been used to formulate herbal tablets. From all five batches of tablets one batch (F2) was found to be best formulation and this was used to investigate the Antidiabetic activity as well as antioxidant activity also. The plants have potential to treat hormonal disorders also hence it can be used to treat the endocrine metabolic disorders.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Chitosan, Endocrine, Hyperglycemia, in vitro, n-butanol., α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/097484900211}, author = {Aakash Partap Singh and Sunil Kumar and Manjusha Chudhary and Dinesh Kumar and Beena Kumari and Bhuwanendra Singh and Renu and Manish Kumar} } @article {84, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antidiabetic Potential and in-silico Evaluation of Some Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {140-148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing frequency of diabetes patients and the reported side effects of commercially available anti-hyperglycemic drugs have gathered the attention of researchers towards the search for new therapeutic approaches. Inhibition of activities of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes is one of the approaches to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate phytochemicals, antioxidants, digestive enzymes inhibitory effect, and molecular docking of potent extract. Materials and Methods: In this study, we carry out the substratebased α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Asparagus racemosus, Bergenia ciliata, Calotropis gigantea, Mimosa pudica, Phyllanthus emblica, and Solanum nigrum along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoids contents. Likewise, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging of DPPH radical. Additionally, antibacterial activity was also studied by Agar well diffusion method. Molecular docking of bioactive compounds from B. ciliata was performed via AutoDock vina. Results: B. ciliata, M. pudica, and P. emblica exhibit significant inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase and α-amylase with IC50 (μg/ml) of (2.24 {\textpm} 0.01, 46.19 {\textpm} 1.06), (35.73 {\textpm} 0.65, 99.93 {\textpm} 0.9) and (8.12 {\textpm} 0.29, no significant activity) respectively indicating a good source for isolating a potential drug candidate for diabetes. These plant extracts also showed significant antioxidant activity with the IC50 ranges from 13.2 to 26.5 μg/mL along with the significant antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusion: Bergenia extract appeared to be a potent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor. Further research should be carried out to characterize inhibitor compounds.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Medicinal plants, Molecular docking, α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.6}, author = {Basanta Kumar Sapkota and Karan Khadayat and Bikash Adhikari and Darbin Kumar Poudel and Purushottam Niraula and Prakriti Budhathoki and Babita Aryal and Kusum Basnet and Mandira Ghimire and Rishab Marahatha and Niranjan Parajuli} }