@article {1386, title = {A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Cassia fistula Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

The health of individuals living in developed and developing countries remain at risk due to the current global environmental pollution scenario, which is alarmingly leading to the rise in infectious and chronic diseases. Also, the health of living communities worldwide is seriously threatened by the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Because of their adverse impacts on patients, the medications now used in the modern medical system aren{\textquoteright}t able to treat diseases, especially those that are resistant, in a way that is both economical and long-lasting. This has made it necessary to keep doing research in order to adequately address the health issues. Hence, medicinal plants are an indisputable asset in the treatment of a wide range of ailments because of its efficiency, low side effect rate and affordability. Due to their ability to alter the body{\textquoteright}s immune system and increase resistance to complicated illnesses, medicinal herbs offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to managing humanity{\textquoteright}s health issues. The Ayurvedic medical system makes considerable use of Cassia fistula Linn. as one of its therapeutic herbs to treat a wide range of diseases. It is widely practiced in India{\textquoteright}s traditional medical system. The tree, which goes by the name "Yellow Shower," is a medium-sized deciduous tree with elongated, rod-shaped fruits that are packed with pulp and vivid yellow blooms. An updated version of its botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemical constituent and pharmacological properties-such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antifertility, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, laxative, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiparasitic effects-are provided in this review. Reviews of pharmacological properties of medicinal plants will yield useful information; hence, Cassia fistula Linn. may yield significant bioactive natural product discoveries that will aid in the development of new pharmaceutical products.

}, keywords = {Cassia fistula Linn., Medicinal plants, Pharmacological properties, Phytochemicals constituents, Secondary metabolites, Traditional uses}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251970}, author = {Tanvi Jangid and Aditya Jain and Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj and Ram Niwas Jangir} } @article {1430, title = {Natural Marine Species Bioactive Compounds and their Ethnopharmacological Approach from Ecological Biodiversity: Sustainable Therapeutic Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {697-706}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {697}, abstract = {

Marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive compounds, offering immense potential for therapeutic applications. Research studies from pubmed, Google scholar, Science direct, databases provided derived from diverse organisms such as algae, sponges, mollusks, and marine microorganisms, these natural products exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Ethnopharmacological knowledge, deeply rooted in traditional practices, serves as a valuable guide for identifying the medicinal potential of marine resources, creating a bridge between traditional wisdom and modern drug discovery. Recent advancements in biotechnological tools and sustainable bioprospecting have accelerated the discovery, isolation, and development of these bioactive compounds into promising therapeutic agents. Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain. The exploration of marine biodiversity is still limited, with many ecosystems, such as deep-sea and polar regions, largely unexplored. Sustainable harvesting practices, understanding the mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of marine bioactive, and mitigating the environmental impacts of large-scale extraction are critical issues. Additionally, the integration of ethnopharmacological knowledge with modern scientific approaches requires systematic validation and documentation. This review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of marine bioactive compounds, highlights the importance of sustainable and ethical bioprospecting practices, and identifies key research gaps that must be addressed to fully harness the benefits of marine biodiversity for global health.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, Ethnopharmacology, Marine drugs, Marine organism, Marine Pharmacognosy, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252162}, author = {Paramita Ganguly and Puja Saha and Sandip Chatterjee and Prangya Paramita Pati} } @article {1505, title = {Secondary Metabolite as Therapeutic Agents with Significant Highlight on Terpenoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The belief that plants possess biologically active compounds with healing properties beneficial for treating various health conditions has endured since ancient times. The therapeutic importance of these plants highlights their vast potential for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, attributed to their chemical constituents that positively impact human health. Numerous naturally occurring phytochemicals, both dietary and non-dietary, have demonstrated significant potential in preventing and treating various diseases. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds naturally produced by plants, microbes, and certain animals, serving vital roles that extend beyond essential survival functions. Compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics have garnered considerable interest due to their varied chemical structures and powerful biological effects. They demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antidiabetics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant as well as antimalarial, which make them important therapeutic agents in contemporary medicine. Terpenoids, or terpenes, form the largest group of natural compounds and are known for their biological activities, making them valuable in the treatment of human diseases. In the present work we have highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of terpenoids. Among the secondary metabolites terpenoids having more potential to be therapeutic agents for various disorders. Over the past two decades, bioprospecting natural products from the marine environment has led to the discovery of hundreds of terpenoids with unique structures and promising bioactivities, with many more yet to be uncovered.

}, keywords = {anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antimalarial, Antioxidant, Secondary metabolites, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252366}, author = {Sarika Sapan Parekh and Rahul Trivedi and Divya Kanojia and Sweta Ba Besh and Maitri Mahant and Ghanshyam Ratilal Parmar} } @article {1317, title = {Evaluating Bioactive Potential of Lichen Secondary Metabolites for the Formulation of Mosquito Repellent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {908-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {908}, abstract = {

Background: Mosquitoes belong to the major disease transmitters causing millions of deaths every year. The cost of commercially available pyrethroids, environmental regulations and toxicity of commercial repellents force researchers to develop potential repellents of natural origin. Lichens comprise of bioactive compounds exhibiting multifarious biomedical potential. Objectives: In this present study, Parmotrema species was analyzed for its biomedical potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and repellent activity. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by albumin denaturation and protease inhibition assay. The repellent potential evaluated against third and fourth-instar larvae of Aedes ageypti. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay exhibited IC50 of 16.08 μg/mL and 24.6 μg/mL respectively. Anti-inflammatory potential via inhibition of albumin denaturation and protease inhibition assay shown maximum inhibition at 100 μg/mL with IC50 value of 17.02 μg/mL and 27.5 μg/mL respectively. The repellent test confirmed that at 100 μg/mL, 90\% of mortality rate was recorded. The repellent cream formulated form lichen extract exhibited 86.6\% protection and smoke toxicity test demonstrated 26.6\% protection against Aedes ageypti. Thus, the study evidenced the proven biomedical potential of methanolic lichen extract.

}, keywords = {Larvicidal activity, Lichen, Mosquito, Mosquito repellent activity, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.103}, author = {Shanmugam Poornima and Vivekanandhan Vidhya Sree and Jaganathan Geethanjali and Rajamanickam Karishma and Moorthy Viksha and Balasubramani Suresh Gopi and Ganesan Kishore} } @article {1326, title = {Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Terpenoids: A Roadmap for Future Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The naturally produced plant-derived compounds, known as phytochemicals, are biologically effective and incorporated to reduce the risk of numerous human illnesses. The utilization of phytochemicals for traditional medicine or functional nutrition has likely existed for as long as human history itself. Plants may gather phytochemicals in a variety of sections, including the roots, seeds as well as leaves and fruits. Among all the phytochemicals class, terpenoids are renowned for its proven biological activities and found in enormous capacity in medicinal plants. Several studies report the use of terpenoids in a wide range of diseases and infections. Different classes of terpenoids showed a variety of biological activities in chronic disorders and autoimmune diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis and cancer. These classes of compounds are also used against cancer and infectious diseases. In the present study we mainly highlight the use of terpenoids in different diseases and its availability in nature as different class. The role of terpenoids in developing new medications and enhancing current treatment methods is significant. However, thorough and detailed research is still warranted to entirely recognize the pharmacological effects of several terpenoids.

}, keywords = {Phytochemicals, Secondary metabolites, Terpenes, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.81}, author = {Sarika Sapan Parekh and Ghanshyam Ratilal Parmar and Divya Kanojiya and Sunil Bhaurao Baile and Rahul Trivedi and Foram Bhatt} } @article {1200, title = {Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Properties of an Ethnobotanical Herb Cotula anthemoides L. Occurring in Purulia District of West Bengal, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {51-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Background: Since antiquity, traditional healers use herbs for the treatment of various ailments. Cotula anthemoides L., an ethnobotanical herb, widely used by traditional healers of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for the treatment of skin ailments. Plants contain broad range of bioactive constituents which is mainly responsible for its versatile properties. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to analyze the phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the Aerial Part (AP) and underground Root Part (RT) of C. anthemoides. Materials and Methods: Total Phenol (TPC) and Flavonoid Contents (TFC) were estimated against Gallic acid and Quercetin. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antibacterial properties were examined by well-diffusion method. Secondary metabolites and fatty acids were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), respectively. Results: Both aerial and root part exhibited effective zone of inhibition against gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus and gram {\textendash}ve Escherichia coli bacteria. There is a positive correlation between total phenol and flavonoid content with free radical scavenging properties. Aerial part contains comparatively higher concentration of phenolic compounds which is verified by assessment of DPPH antioxidant properties. HPLC and LC-MS study revealed the presence of phenolic acids, phenol alcohols and flavonoids. The FA analysis identified the presence of saturated FAs in the range of C12 to C26 and unsaturated FAs of C16, C18, C20 and C22. Conclusion: Definite range of phenolic compounds beside with other bio active constituents in the herb keep up the ethnobotanical status done by local healers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial, Antioxidant, Cotula anthemoides, Fatty acids., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.1.7}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Rajani Kanta Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda} } @article {1118, title = {FTIR Based Metabolomics Profiling and Fingerprinting of Some Medicinal Plants: An Attempt to Develop an Approach for Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Materials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {163-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Background: The medicinal plants are used for their various therapeutic effects in treatment and prevention of various diseases. Recently herbal medicines are playing an important role in health care across the world. With increased global acceptance of the herbal drugs proper quality control of the herbal medicines have become important to ensure the safety and efficacy of the herbal products. Herbal-based FT-IR metabolomics is a suitable method for quick and reliable quality control and metabolite profiling to ensure quality and reproducibility of herbal medicine. The FT-IR analysis is relatively easy to use, reproducible, non-destructive, and can be used for quick analysis and verification of the herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In the present work FTIR fingerprint was obtained for extracts and powders of some of the selected medicinal plants. The samples were characterized by using FTIR metabolomics profiling on basis of the diagonostic peaks. Results: Various functional groups, such as phenolics (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), aldehyde (CH=O), ether (C-O-C), aromatic (C=C), and alkyl groups -CH, were identified. Various metabolites e.g. liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, glabridin, shogoal, piperine were successfully identified on basis of the diagonostic FTIR peaks. Conclusion: FTIR was found to be a simple, rapid and convenient analytical method and fingerprinting technique for quality control of herbal materials.

}, keywords = {Fingerprinting, FTIR, Medicinal plants, Metabolomics, Quality control, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/097484900288}, author = {Manas Ranjan Sahoo and Marakanam Srinivasan Umashankara} } @article {1179, title = {GC-MS, FT-IR, and ICP-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in the Methanolic Leaves Extract of Thalictrum foliolosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {705-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: There are many therapeutic effects of medicinal plants that are used in treating and preventing a variety of diseases. Recently medicinal plants contain many bioactive compounds which are playing an important role in the health sector. The use of herbal medicine is based on the fact that herbal medicines are safe without any ill effects on human health and are easily accessible at minimum cost. However, there is an urgent need to assure the quality and efficacy of the product. Objectives: The main objective of current study directed to characterize possible the phytochemical compounds and mineral elements present in the methanolic leaves extract of the Thalictrum foliolosum plant by using GC-MS, FTIR, and ICP-MS analysis to ensure quality of this medicinally important herb and for a better understanding of its pharmacological claim. Materials and Methods: Thalictrum foliolosum was collected in July and August from the Hatu peak at an elevation of 3400 m in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The fine powder of the plant leaf was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 8 hr. The chemical analysis of bioactive compounds of Thalictrum foliolosum has been evaluated using GC-MS, FTIR and ICP-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis disclosed the presence of 48 compounds which shows various medicinal activities. The major phytoconstituents were Octacosanol (22.37\%), Diethyl Phthalate (22.32\%), Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, ethyl ester (6.14\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.11\%) and many more which exhibited antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The compounds found in the extract were compared with mass spectra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The crude extract was analyzed in a spectrometer Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 and characteristic peaks were recorded indicating various functional groups such as phenol, alkanes, alcohol, amides, and amines are present. The ICP-MS technique was simultaneously used to trace the mineral element and the result revealed the presence of important micronutrients including manganese (1,770.517 ppb), ferrous (22,604.753ppb), zinc (4,322.423 ppb), chromium (491.231), copper (7,048.321ppb) and potassium (450,067.837ppb). These mineral element acts as cofactors for more than 3000 enzymes that regulate various metabolic pathways in the living system. Hence our study provides a huge platform to screen out these bioactive compounds and mineral elements which are used to treat various lethal and lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic leaves extract of Thalictrum foliolosum contains various phytoconstituents which were responsible for various biological activities. The relative concentration of bioactive compounds and mineral elements is reasonable and can be considered for medical purposes.

}, keywords = {FTRI, GC-MS, ICP-MS, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.075}, author = {Sushila Rani and Richa Puri and Pooja Boora and Abul Qasim and Dechan Angmo and Monika Mehta} } @article {1123, title = {Role of Polyphenols and Flavonoids as Anti-Cancer Drug Candidates: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {206-216}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Natural drug-based chemotherapeutic have advanced at an unprecedented rate over the past decade. Owing to protective roles in vegetation, and exceptional antioxidant qualities, polyphenols and flavonoids have demonstrated promising clinical implications in malignancies amongst other plant metabolites. It is widely debated how dietary flavonoids and polyphenols can prevent cancer. Flavonoids are believed to execute a significant role in cancer prevention and treatment, as corroborated from experimental studies, epidemiological research, and human clinical trials. Carcinogen deactivation, antimutagenic, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation, suppression of vasculature, oxidative stress, and reversion of multidrug resistance are among the many mechanisms of action that have been discovered. The present review outlines the classification of various polyphenols and flavonoids and their potential as anticancer therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Reactive oxygen species., Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.022}, author = {Medha Mohan Hegde and K Lakshman} } @article {1124, title = {Unexploited Potentials of Endophytic Fungi: Patents Review on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Bioactive Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2023}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Endophytic fungi are various micro-organisms that inhabit intracellular or intercellular plant tissues in symbiotic association [at certain stages of their life cycles], without causing damage or morphological changes. The endophytes from medicinal plants are important resources for discovery of natural products and secondary bioactive metabolites having the potential biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine, and allied sectors. The endophytic fungi such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Pseudomassari, Quercina, Trichoderma genera have been reported from different medicinal plants with potential therapeutic activity. On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants like improvement in growth, activation of systemic tolerances towards abiotic/biotic stresses, enhancement of nutrient solublization, biosynthesis of phytohormones and stimulating accumulation of secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi have attracted much research interest because they have provided not only novel sources of Cytotoxic compounds, Antimicrobial agents, Bio-stimulants for essential oil biosynthesis, Anticancer agents, antioxidant agents, anti-diabetic agents, immunosuppressant and insecticidal compounds. The present review reveals the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as a source of bioactive compounds as well as landscape of patents related to the production of secondary metabolites through endophytic fungi and their application in pharmaceutical sectors.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Endophytic fungi, Patents, Phytohormones., Secondary metabolites, Symbiotic association}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.2.023}, author = {Priyatama V. Powar and Shilpa Chaudhari} } @article {83, title = {Embryotoxicity of Yangambin Isolated from Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil in Gallus gallus domesticus Embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {135-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Yangambin, a lignan predominant in the leaves of Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil, has several biological activities, such as anti-convulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and leishmanicidal. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the embryotoxicity of yangambin on the neurodevelopment of Gallus gallus domesticus embryos. Materials and Methods: 120 fertilized eggs were divided in three groups: G1 (PBS with 0.1 \% Tween 80), G2 (50 μg/ml yangambin) and G3 (65 μg/ml yangambin) and each egg was inoculated with 100 μL of the respective solutions. The fertilized eggs were incubated at a temperature of 37.5{\textdegree}C, with a relative humidity of 65\% to 75\%, for 48 hr and then their embryos were histologically processed. Results: In staging, carried out according to Hamburger and Hamilton (1951), variations of stages were identified. In all groups, the morphological analysis revealed the closure of the anterior neuropore and absence of malformations in the optic vesicles and in the secondary encephalic vesicles. In the caudal region, a standard development of the neural tube was observed, with well-segmented somites and regression of the primitive line. The cross sections showed that the internal structure of the somite{\textquoteright}s, composed of dermatome, myotome and sclerotome, was preserved. The statistical analysis did not show significant differences between the groups regarding the morphometry of the cephalic and caudal regions of the neural tube. Conclusion: Yangambin did not show embryotoxic effects on the neurodevelopment of Gallus gallus domesticus embryos, under the tested conditions.

}, keywords = {Chicken embryo, Lauraceae, Lignan, Neurodevelopment, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.3.5}, author = {Thiago Felix da Silva and Maria Isabel de Assis Lima Castro and Marta Gerusa Soares de Lucena and Camilla Vila Nova Soares Silva and Laisla Rangel Peixoto and Eliane Alves Bandeira de Carvalho and Silvania Tavares Paz and Beathryz Lethycya Almeida Guimar{\~a}es and Jos{\'e} Maria Barbosa Filho and Eliete Cavalcanti da Silva} } @article {252, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from the Locally Isolated Terrestrial Fungus, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {April,2019}, pages = {162-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide; its species are of major importance in the natural environment as decomposer of organic materials as well as food and drug production. Objective: Chromatographic isolation and identification of its bioactive secondary metabolites and their evaluation as antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: Disc agar plate method has been recognized to assess the antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was determined using phosphomolybdenum method. The fungus strain SAM16-EGY was isolated from soil and was molecularly identified as Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY using 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid technique (acc. no., KP125952). Results: Seven compounds namely 3-O-docosyl-4-benzoyloxy methyl-3-oxobicyclo (4.1.0) heptane-1,5,6,7 tetrol (3-O-docosyl-3-debenzol rotepoxide) (1), (4bE, 6Z, 8E, 9aS, 10S)-1,4-dihydroxy-9a, 10-dihydro-10,12-epoxy-5-methylbenzo[a] azulen-12-one (2), 7α,9β,15β-triacetoxy-3-β-hydroxy jatropha-5E, 11E-diene (3), sesquiterpene I diol dihexoside malonate ester (4), piperogalone (5), (5R, 8Z, 11Z)-5 β-(6{\textquoteright}-O-malonyl-β-glucopyranozyloxy-6-hyd roxy tetradeca-8, 11-dienoic acid (6), and n-trcosanyl-n-octaced-9-enoate (7) were isolated and identified from this fungus. Their structures were determined on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans only, whereas compound 3 exerted higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (9 mm), P. aeruginosa (9 mm), C. albicans (11 mm), and Aspergillus niger (13 mm) as compared to the other compounds. In the phosphomolybdenum assay, compound 5 showed high total antioxidant capacity value of 608.59 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g compound, followed by compound 2 (443.66 mg) and compound 1 (332.16 mg). Conclusion: The isolated compounds showed promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {18S Ribosomal ribonucleic acid, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Penicillium sp. SAM16-EGY, Secondary metabolites, Vacuum liquid chromatography.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_102_18}, author = {Mosad A. Ghareeb and Manal M. Hamed and Amal M. Saad and Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz and Ahmed A. Hamed and Laila A. Refahy} }