@article {1266, title = {Identification of Bioactive Ingredients of Traditional Medicinal Plants Psiadia arabica Jaub. Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta by GC-MS in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {570-573}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study identified the main bioactive constituents extracted from a mixture containing four plant extracts. Four Saudi Traditional Medicinal plant extracts containing Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were identified using GC-Mass. Materials and Methods: The samples Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were collected from various regions of Saudi Arabia. The air-dried parts of each plant were powdered and soaked in methanol for 24 hr, except Psiadia arabica Jaub in chloroform. After that, it was obtaining the concentration plant extract through a rotary evaporator. The mixture of plant extracts was analyzed by GC-MS spectrometry. Results: The most abundant compounds identified including heneicosane (7.3\%), tetradecane 4,11-dimethyl- (7.11\%), Phytol (1.5\%), dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- (1.9\%) and hexadecane (1.1\%), while the lowest concentrations were observed for 10-methylnonadecane, n-hexadecane, tridecane, 2-methyl-, Naphthalene, 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- and Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-. One of the main constituents noticed in the combination of four plants was heneicosane, which exhibits a strong antimicrobial effect. In addition, phytol showed multiple effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ant nociceptive, anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating and immune-modulating. Conclusion: These functional molecules identified are known to have different biological activities as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and antidiabetic. Further studies needed to investigate the mechanism of action through signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Bioactive ingredients, GC-MS Analysis, Psiadia arabica Jaub, Rhazya stricta, Saudi Arabia, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.67}, author = {Taha A. Kumosani and Abeer Alnefayee and Elie Barbour and Mohammed Qari and Tarek Ahmed and Said Salama Moselh} } @article {1172, title = {The Use of Caffeine Products in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {653-657}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {653}, abstract = {

The most used psychoactive substance globally is caffeine. Recently, the introduction of numerous products containing caffeine, as well as shifts in the consumption of both natural and artificial sources of caffeine, has received the attention of health experts. However, there is a lack of information on the consumption patterns of coffee and caffeinated products in different regions of the Saudi population. Therefore, this review aims to identify gender differences, pharmacological effects and risk of toxicity among caffeine product users in Saudi Arabia. Although there are regulations from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA), there have been concerns about excessive caffeine consumption among the youth population. According to the available studies, the prevalence of coffee consumption is high among Saudi females. The extent of caffeine toxicity in Saudi Arabia is not well documented; however, given the widespread use of caffeine in the country, it is possible that instances of caffeine toxicity may arise. It should be emphasized that caffeine toxicity is not common and usually occurs only with extremely high levels of caffeine consumption. This review offers valuable insights into caffeine consumption patterns in Saudi Arabia, which can benefit a range of stakeholders, including scientists, healthcare providers and consumers. To ensure safe caffeine consumption and minimise the risk of negative outcomes arising from insufficient knowledge about its use, there is a need to educate individuals and raise public awareness about caffeine intake.

}, keywords = {Caffeine Products, Caffeine Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.068}, author = {Reem Rara and Rahaf Alhindi and Majd Alotaibi and Yara Shaykhayn and Anwar Alnakhli and Halah Tariq Albar and Asim Muhammed Alshanberi and Yosra Zakariyya Alhindi and Safaa Mohammed Alsanosi} } @article {1063, title = {Patterns of Caffeine Consumption in Western Province of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {July 2022}, pages = {269-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {269}, abstract = {

Introduction: Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug worldwide. Nowadays, the introduction of many caffeine-containing products, along with changes in the consumption patterns of both natural and synthetic sources of caffeine, has drawn the attention of health researchers. Information regarding consumption patterns of coffee and caffeinated products among the Saudi population, particularly in different regions, remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to identify the amount and sources of caffeine consumed by the Saudi population and explore its relationship with the consumption patterns. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study used an online self-administered questionnaire, including adults who live in the western province of Saudi Arabia and use caffeine products. A 15-item questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms between 1 June and 31 August 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants{\textquoteright} characteristics, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to test the difference between variables. Results: In total, 1,036 participants were included in the study. Females represented 80\% of the participants included, and nearly half of participants (58\%) received an undergraduate education. Concerning caffeine sources, most participants consumed coffee and tea (97\%), followed by OTC medications containing caffeine (21\%), energy drinks (17\%) and other, such as soft drinks and chocolate (4\%). Regarding drinking habits, most participants (89\%) replied that they drink coffee/tea only, whereas 8\% drink it with sweets and cakes and the rest (3\%) have it either with water, fruit or a cigarette. Concerning adverse effects of caffeine intake, most participants experienced sleep disturbance (67\%), headache (60\%), arrythmia (51\%) and stress and anxiety (40\%). Sex showed a significant relation with OTC medications containing caffeine (p = 0.025) and adverse effects related to caffeine intake (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The present study provides useful data for multiple stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding caffeine consumption. Measures should be implemented to ensure safe caffeine consumption to avoid the occurrence of secondary events associated with a lack of knowledge related to its usage.

}, keywords = {Caffeinated products, Caffeine awareness, Caffeine intake, Caffeine sources, Consumption pattern, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.3.39}, author = {Reem A Radwan and Hassan H Alwafi and Yosra Z Alhindi and Alaa H Falemban and Shakeel A Ansari and Asim M Alshanberi and Nahla A Ayoub and Safaa M Alsanosi} } @article {470, title = {Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {401-407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Nasser A Awadh Ali1, Saeed Salah Al Sokari2, Ahmed Gushash3, Sirajudheen Anwar4, Khalid Al-Karani5, Abdulwali Al-Khulaidi6

1Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA.

3Department of Arabic Language, Faculty of Science and Arts, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA.

4Department of Medicinal Chemistry {\textendash} Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

5Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, KSA.

6Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Albaha University, Baljurashi, Albaha, KSA; Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, Taiz, Yemen.

}, keywords = {Al Bahah, Ethnopharmacology, Folk medicine, Medicinal plants, Saudi Arabia, Survey}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_11_17}, author = {Nasser A Awadh Ali and Saeed Salah Al Sokari and Ahmed Gushash and Sirajudheen Anwar and Khalid Al-Karani and Abdulwali Al-Khulaidi} }