@article {1420, title = {Isolation, Characterization and Structural Elucidation of a Bioactive Flavonoid from Schinus polygama Leaves Using Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {627-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {627}, abstract = {

Aim: Isolation, Characterization and Structural Elucidation of a Bioactive Flavonoid from Schinus polygama Leaves Using Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques is the aim of present study. The process of separating and characterizing bioactive substances from natural sources are pivotal in understanding their therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) with optimized solvent system used. Further this solvent system was employed in column chromatography to isolate active fractions. Active fraction characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR analysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy. Results: Schinus polygama (SP) (family Anacardiaceae) extract was subjected to Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using various solvent systems, with the optimized system of Acetic Acid: Ethyl acetate: Toluene (0.4:4:6) yielding a distinct band with 0.64 Rf value, corresponding to a standard flavonoid. This solvent system was employed in column chromatography, leading to the separation of multiple fractions, including the active Fraction (F). UV-visible spectroscopy of Fraction (F) showed absorption peaks at 208, 269 and 365 nm, indicating conjugated π-electron systems. The presence of distinctive functional groups was further verified by FT-IR analysis., including hydroxyl (-OH), alkyl (C-H) and aromatic (C=C) bonds. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra revealed specific proton signals consistent with a flavonoid structure, while mass spectrometry identified a molecular ion peak which corresponds to 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chromen-4-one at m/z 286.20 with a molecular formula of C15H10O6. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the isolated compound from Schinus polygama leaves ethanolic extract is a flavonoid with potential biological activities. Further studies are recommended to explore its pharmacological properties and potential applications in therapeutic formulations

}, keywords = {Active fraction, Characterization, Flavonoid, Isolation, Spectroscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252098}, author = {Chandra Prakash Bhardwaj and Piush Sharma and Maneesh Napit} } @article {1380, title = {Phyto-Analytical Studies and in vitro Wound Healing Activity of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {519-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Background: Traditionally among the Nigerian population Synedrella nodiflora is prominently used for treating Putrefied Wound. Objectives: The present work was designed to evaluate the In vitro Wound healing activity of Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: The current research work was aimed to perform the Qualitative phytochemical screening, FTIR, ICP-OES, Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content and in vitro pharmacological assay includes Antioxidant assay, Protein denaturation assay, cell line scratch assay for wound healing of EAE and EEs of Synedrella nodiflora. Results: Secondary phytochemicals like Flavonoid, Alkaloid, Tannin, Phenols, Terpenoids and Steroids were reported. The ICP-OES analysis concluded that the presence of elements like Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg and heavy metals like Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd were within their limits as per WHO. The EAE and EE of Synedrella nodiflora were assessed for their total phenolic and flavonoid content. The Antioxidant activity of EAE and EE showed IC50 value 2.24{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL and 3.72{\textpm}0.02 mg/mL compared with standard Ascorbic Acid of 42.76{\textpm}0.01 μg/mL. The \% Inhibition of standard Diclofenac shows IC50 value 27.99{\textpm}0.026 μg/mL. whereas the IC50 values of EAE and EE were found to be 294.98{\textpm}0.02 μg/mL and 138.98{\textpm}0.05 μg/mL respectively. The relative cell migration of EAE and EE were 0.041{\textpm}0.05 mm and 0.036{\textpm}0.01 mm at 2mcg. Conclusion: These studies concluded that the Synedrella nodiflora leaf extracts were rich in various phytochemicals and can be used for treating wounds due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Phenolics, Phytochemical screening, Synedrella nodiflora, Wound healing}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251916}, author = {Joshna Koodathil and Lathika Ramadass and Sindhu Jayachandran and Jaganath Sekar} } @article {1248, title = {Mechanistic Insights of a Natural Bioactive Compound: Apigenin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {435-448}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Apigenin, a natural bioactive compound belonging to the class of flavone, has emerged as a subject of intense scientific scrutiny due to its potential health benefits. This review provides mechanistic insights into the multifaceted actions of apigenin and its promising therapeutic applications. Widely distributed in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs, apigenin exhibits potent antioxidant properties, neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species to combat oxidative stress and cellular damage. Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting potential in managing conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Notably, apigenin{\textquoteright}s ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and reduce metastasis underscores its potential in cancer chemoprevention. Furthermore, apigenin{\textquoteright}s role in DNA repair and genoprotection may contribute to cancer prevention and maintenance of genomic stability. In neurodegenerative conditions, apigenin{\textquoteright}s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions show promise in protecting neurons and enhancing cognitive function. Additionally, its influence on cardiovascular health is evident through vasodilation, blood pressure reduction, and inhibition of platelet aggregation. While the current findings highlight the immense potential of apigenin in various health applications, further clinical research is necessary to establish its efficacy and safety in human therapeutics.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, Clinical research, Flavonoid, Health application, Mechanistic Insights, Natural bioactive}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.53}, author = {Tushar Adhikari and Prerona Saha} } @article {1093, title = {Quantitative Estimation of Immunomodulatory Flavonoid Quercetin by HPTLC in Different Leafy Vegetables Available in West Bengal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {423-428}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leafy vegetables are commonly consumed medicinal plants used in various metabolic and infectious diseases. Additionally, their antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities have been reported in the literature. Objectives: To determine the quantity of immunomodulatory flavonoid, quercetin in different types of leafy vegetables available in West Bengal by using a simple validated HPTLC method. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic analysis was performed by using aluminium-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates with Toluene{\textendash}Ethyl acetate{\textendash}Formic acid 5:4:0.2 (\%v/v) as the mobile phase. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Results: The total flavonoid content (TFC) in the four leafy vegetables studied varied between 58.10 to 12.28 mg QE/g. Well-separated and compact spots (Rf) of quercetin (0.55{\textpm}0.03) were detected. The regression equation obtained was y = 0.0011x - 0.0569, with a correlation coefficient (R{\texttwosuperior}) of 0.9939. The linearity range (μg/spot) was 60-160. The LOD/LOQ (ng/spot) was 6.09/18.47. Murraya koenigii (0.1992{\textpm}0.037 \%w/w) contained the maximum amount of quercetin compared to Ipomoea aquatic (0.1501{\textpm}0.039\%w/w), Coriandrum sativum (0.1430{\textpm}0.061\%w/w) and Trigonella foenum- graecum (0.1201{\textpm}0.055\%w/w) in methanolic extract. Conclusion: This study revealed that the validated HPTLC method was simple, accurate and sensitive for separating and quantifying quercetin in different leaf vegetables. Quercetin content was highest in Murraya koenigii (0.1992{\textpm}0.037 \%w/w), and least in Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.1201{\textpm}0.055 \%w/w). The developed method might be used further in standardizing and quality control of secondary metabolites in herbal formulations

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, HPTLC, Leafy vegetables, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.62}, author = {Tushar Adhikari and Prerona Saha} } @article {82, title = {High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Gallic Acid and Other Phytoconstituents of Methanolic Extracts of Myrica nagi Fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {95-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Background: Myrica nagi Thunb. (family: Myricaceae) is effective against gastric, metabolic, and hepatic disorders. The therapeutic effect of its fruit, which is consumed in North India, has not been confirmed, and detailed chemical profiling of the fruit is thus required. Objectives: The study objective was to develop and optimize a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the characterization of gallic acid, quercetin, myricetin, and caffeic acid in the methanolic extract of M. nagi fruit and the quantification of gallic acid. Materials and Methods: Analyses were performed using HPTLC, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HPTLC experiments were carried out using an optimized solvent mixture, which enabled the separation and detection (at 254 and 366 nm) of four flavonoid compounds in the dried M. nagi extract. Gallic acid was quantified using calibration curves. Results: The proposed method enabled the detection of gallic acid, quercetin, myricetin, and caffeic acid. Validation took into account the estimation of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, and recovery of gallic acid. Gallic acid was quantified at 12.93 μg/mg of dry plant concentrate. Conclusion: This study describes the development of an HPTLC method for the analysis and characterization of phytoconstitutents in the methanolic solution of a dried M. nagi fruit extract. The method was successfully validated for the analysis of gallic acid.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Gallic acid, High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Myrica nagi}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_104_19}, author = {Yash Prashar and Nilesh J Patel} } @article {157, title = {Kaempferol {\textendash} A Dietary Flavonoid Isolated from Blepharis integrifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {250-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Background: Blepharis integrifolia is in the preparation of traditional formulation for the treatment of various diseases, including digestive disorders such as flatulence and dysentery. Although a very few studies have assessed the pharmacological properties, nothing is known about the phytochemicals present and the effect of extracts on its pharmacological activities. Objectives: Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to assess the role of methanol extract of B. integrifolia (MBI) for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals present in the extract were evaluated using high-resolution liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS). The extract and the isolated compound were subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory studies. Results: MBI exhibited an effective antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities at a more significant level than the standards. HR-LCMS analysis of MBI revealed the presence of kaempferol, rutin, and several phytochemicals. The activity-guided repeated fractionation of the methanol extract by silica gel column chromatography yielded a compound that exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Based on various physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses (ultraviolet, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], carbon-13 NMR, and MS), the bioactive compound isolated was elucidated as 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (kaempferol). Furthermore, the molecular docking studies for kaempferol revealed that it binds β-lactamase at MEG binding site and was found to interact with binding site residues PHE91, TRP94, ASN109, MET148, GLU147, ASN36, and ILE201. Conclusion: The results from the present study suggest that the potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities observed are a result of the presence of these bioactive compounds within the extract. In addition, these results also demonstrate the antioxidant potency of kaempferol which could be the basis for its alleged health-promoting potential.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Flavonoid, Free radicals, Kaempferol, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_114_19}, author = {KM Anil Kumar and Ramith Ramu and S Chandan and Shivaraju Harikaranahalli Puttaiah} } @article {193, title = {Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activities and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting of Fruit Peels Collected from Food Processing Industry Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November,2019}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: An enormous quantity of fruit peel is obtained from food processing industry as leftover materials which cause environmental pollution if not used judiciously. Objective: The present study was focused to explore antioxidant activities and detect bioactive compounds of three different fruit peel wastes (orange, mango, and pomegranate) collected from fruit processing centers. Materials and Methods: Peel extracts were primarily investigated for total phenolic and total flavonoid content (TFC) in three different solvent systems, namely aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v), ethanolic, and aqueous. These were examined for in vitro antioxidant potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test. Peel waste extracts were further characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Pomegranate peel (PP) wastes exhibited significantly (P \< 0.01) high concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) and TFC followed by mango peel (MP) wastes and orange peel (OP) wastes. DPPH and FRAP tests revealed significantly (P \< 0.01) high antioxidant activity in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic and aqueous extract of PP. The degree of antioxidant activities in each type of solvent was in the order of PP \>MP \>OP. Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation coefficient analysis revealed a strong association between antioxidant activity and TPC. High concentration of gallic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and catechin was observed in aqueous{\textendash}methanolic (20:80, v/v) extracts of PP, and these might be the reason behind the higher antioxidant activities of PP. Conclusion: Results of this study clearly suggest that PP waste contains strong antioxidant molecules and might be used as additive in commercial feed to ameliorate oxidative stress in animals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity, Flavonoid, High-performance liquid chromatography, Peel waste, Phenolic acid.}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_13_19}, author = {Sarbaswarup Ghosh and Jayanta Kumar Chatterjee and Alok Kumar Hazra} } @article {226, title = {Isolation of 5,7-Dihydroxy, 6,8-Dimethyl Flavanone from Syzygium aqueum with Its Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {February 2018}, pages = {60-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium aqueum Burm.f. Alston (water apple) belonging to Myrtaceae family was originated from tropical areas. It was traditionally used as a medicinal plant. Objective: The objective of the study was to isolate the active compound from the methanolic extract of S. aqueum leaves. Methods: Extraction was done using continuous extraction with methanol as a solvent. The extract was then fractionated using liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction, vacuum liquid chromatography, and radial chromatography. Recrystallization was done for purification. The structure of the compound was determined by Ultraviolet-Visible and (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. Results: The isolate showed maximum wavelengths at 347 (band I) and 296 (band II) nm. After addition of NaOH and CH3COONa, the maximum wavelengths of band II moved to 340 and 339 nm, respectively. There was no change in wavelengths after addition CH3COONa/H3BO3 and AlCl3. The 1H-NMR spectrum showed 16 protons, whereas 13C-NMR spectrum showed 15 carbons. Based on those data, the isolate was determined as 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl flavanone (demethoxymatteucinol). At a concentration of 100 and 50 {\textmu}g/mL, it could inhibit 25.13\% of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and scavenge 11.87\% of diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl, respectively. Conclusion: Demethoxymatteucinol was isolated for the first time from S. aqueum and it had mild antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Myrtaceae, Syzygium aqueum}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_59_17}, author = {Muhamad Insanu and Zelika Mega Ramadhania and Evelyne Nadia Halim and Rika Hartati and Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna} } @article {450, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extract and Subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The harmful action of the free radicals which cause the oxidative stress can be blocked by antioxidant substances, and different plant extracts showed antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is was evaluation the antioxidant activity of total methanol extract (ME) and subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen. Materials and Methods: Aerial part of E. splendida was extracted by maceration with methanol and then subfractionated by liquid{\textendash}liquid fractionation using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, reduction of ferric ions and ferrous ion chelating potential. Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were estimated with Folin-Ciocaltue and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Results: The findings revealed that E. splendida ME and subfractions showed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity. ME showed the highest antioxidant activity based on total reduction capability and ferrous ions chelating assay tests. Aqueous fraction and then ethyl acetate fraction showed the best IC50 in DPPH radical scavenging test in comparison to butylated hydroxytoluene. ME showed the highest value of TPC and TFC (270.74 {\textpm} 0.005 mg/g and 208.23 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/g, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that the extract and subfractions of E. splendida have antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the extract and fractions might be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. More studies are needed to determine the active antioxidant compounds of this plant.

}, keywords = {1, 1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Antioxidant, Euphorbia splendida, Flavonoid, Fractions, Free radicals}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_12_17}, author = {Zahra Kefayati and Saeed Mohammadi Motamed and Asie Shojaii and Mitra Noorix and Mitra Noori and Roshanak Ghods} }