@article {1301, title = {Histological Analysis Reveals that Red Grape Seed Extract (Vitis vinifera L.) Rejuvenates Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Albino Rats (Wistar strain) with D-Galactose-Induced Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) Brain Regions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {828-836}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Aim: Oxidative stress is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) as it promotes lipid peroxidation and diminishes antioxidants in the nervous system. This study investigates the effect of Red Grape Seed Extract (RGSE), a bioflavonoid with medicinal properties, on antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in specific central nervous system regions of albino rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar strain albino rats were divided into three groups: Group-I (control), Group-II (treated with D-galactose at 120 mg/kg body weight for 30 days), and Group-III (treated with D-galactose and RGSE at 120 mg/kg body weight concurrently for 30 days). The cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pons medulla regions were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase) as well as non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E) were measured. Results: In the brain regions of AD rats, lipid peroxidation levels increased, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymic antioxidants significantly decreased compared to the control group. However, in the AD rats treated with RGSE, antioxidant defenses were restored, and lipid peroxidation levels normalized. Conclusion: Red Grape Seed Extract improves the antioxidant status and reduces free radical-induced lipid peroxidation in the central nervous systems of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s rat models, suggesting its potential therapeutic benefit in AD.

}, keywords = {Albino Rats Free radicals, Alzheimers, Antioxidant enzymes, Lipid peroxidation, Red Grape Seed Extract (RGSE)}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.4.95}, author = {V. Uday Kiran and H. Ramasubba Reddy and P. Ramesh Kumar and M. Muniya Naik and C. Narasimha Rao and A. Jayasankar and C. Aruna and D. Veera Nagendra Kumar} } @article {1191, title = {Additive Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) in Experimental Oral Carcinogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {819-830}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {819}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nowadays, fructose uses dramatically increased in form of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) found in juices and packed food. Sustained fructose utilization is detrimental to long-term human health. Objectives: To assess the additive effects of HFCS during 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene (DMBA)-induced Hamster Buccal Pouch Carcinogenesis (HBPCs) model. Materials and Methods: The animals were separated into eight groups: Group I; vehicle control; Group II (0.5\% DMBA); Group III and IV (HFCS 8\% and 25\%); Group V (Sucrose 10\%); Group VI and VII (0.5\% DMBA+HFCS 8 and 25\%) and VIII group (0.5\% DMBA+Sucrose 10\%) respectively for 14 weeks. After the 14th week of treatment; the tumor morphology, buccal histopathology, and biochemical markers were measured and compared with carcinogenic control as well as vehicle control. Observations and Results: The buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma after getting topical applications of 0.5\% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week for 14 weeks. Although DMBA treatment alone caused 100\% tumor development in hamsters, drinking water administration of HFCS at a concentration of 25\%/kg body weight (b.w.) to DMBA-treated hamster greatly accelerated the development of oral tumors. Additionally, during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis, HFCS moderatingly increased the lipid peroxidation by-products, decreased the status of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, modulated the levels of phase I and phase II detoxification agents, and favored the excretion of carcinogenic metabolite. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the additive effect of HFCS relies on its altered peroxidative and antioxidant function as well as effects on phase I and II detoxification enzymes during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Taken together the current study described that HFCS induced oral tumour development. From this study we suggested HFCS usage to be curtailed.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Detoxification enzymes, DMBA, Hamsters, HFCS, Lipid peroxidation, Oral cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.087}, author = {Kavitha Kalimuthu and Sindhu Ganapathy and Balamurugan Elumalai and Asha Kumarasamypillai Radha Thayammal and Veeran Veeravarmal and Vijayalakshmi Annamalai} } @article {1190, title = {Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity with Supplementation of Pimpinella tirupatiensis Tuberous Root in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {813-818}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Background: The endemic plant of Seshachalam hills, Eastern Ghats, India, known as Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Pt). Objectives: It was examined in this study for its protective effects against oxidative damage in the kidney of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: After the induction of diabetes with Streptozotocin (40 mg kg-1 b.w), PTAq, an aqueous extract of Pt was directed orally at a dose of 750 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1. Results: Diabetic rats displayed significant decreases in Glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, and Vitamin E content (p\<0.01) and significant elevations in lipid peroxidation (as MDA), uric acid content, and Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) activity (p\<0.01). However, PTAq supplementation in the diabetic group resulted in significant (p\<0.01) increases in Glutathione (GSH), Ascorbic Acid (AA), and Vitamin E content and declined MDA content, uric acid content, and XOD activity. Conclusion: The results advocate that Pt has the potential to avert diabetic complications triggered by oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats and could have therapeutic implications for diabetes management in the future.

}, keywords = {Ascorbic acid, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Non-enzymatic antioxidants, Pimpinella tirupatiensis}, doi = {10.5530/pres.15.4.086}, author = {Thopireddy Lavanya and Kakarla Chandra Mohan and Kesireddy Sathyavelu Reddy and Saddala Rajeswara Reddy} } @article {552, title = {Astaxanthin Ameliorates Hepatic Damage and Oxidative Stress in Carbon Tetrachloride-administered Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {s84-s91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s84}, abstract = {

Background: Astaxanthin is of carotenoids group which possess strong antioxidant properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of astaxanthin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats. Materials and Methods: Female Long-Evans rats were administered with CCl4 orally (1 ml/kg) twice a week for 2 weeks and were treated with astaxanthin (10 mg/kg) every day for 2 weeks. Blood plasma samples were isolated from each group and were analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase activities. Oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) were measured. Several enzyme functions such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the plasma and liver tissues were also analyzed. Moreover, inflammation and tissue fibrosis were also confirmed by histological staining of liver tissues. Results: This investigation revealed that CCl4 administration in rats increased plasma AST, ALT, and ALP activities which were normalized by astaxanthin treatment. Moreover, CCl4 administration increased as MDA, NO, and APOP level both in plasma and tissues compared to control rats. Astaxanthin also exhibited a significant reduction of those parameters in CCl4-administered rats. Astaxanthin treatment also restored the CAT and SOD activities and lowered MPO activity in CCl4-administered rats. Histological assessment also revealed that the astaxanthin prevented the inflammatory cells infiltration, decreased free iron deposition, and fibrosis in liver of CCl4-administered rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that astaxanthin protects liver damage induced by CCl4 by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and stimulating the cellular antioxidant system.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Fibrosis, Inflammation, Lipid peroxidation}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_26_17}, author = {Md. Ariful Islam and Md. Abdullah Al Mamun and Md. Faruk and Md. Tauhid Ul Islam and Md. Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Nazmul Alam and A. F. M. Towheedur Rahman and Hasan Mahmud Reza and Md. Ashraful Alam} } @article {483, title = {Ameliorative Effects of Chloroform Fraction of Cocos nucifera L. Husk Fiber Against Cisplatin-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Cisplatin (Cis) is used in the treatment of solid tumors and is known to elicit serious side effects. Objective: The present study investigated the protective effects of chloroform fraction of Cocos nucifera husk fiber (CFCN) against Cis-induced organs{\textquoteright} damage and chromosomal defect in rats. Quercetin (QUE), standard antioxidant, served as positive control. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups and treated with corn oil (control), Cis alone, Cis + CFCN, CFCN alone, Cis + QUE, and QUE alone. QUE and CFCN were given at 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, by oral gavage for 7 days before the rats were exposed to a single dose of Cis (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) at the last 36 h of study. Results: Administration of Cis alone caused a significant (P \< 0.05) increase in the levels of serum creatinine and urea by 72\% and 70\%, respectively, when compared with the control. The activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase was significantly (P \< 0.05) increased while alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were insignificantly (P \> 0.05) affected in Cis-treated rats. Furthermore, the activities of hepatic and renal catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of reduced glutathione were significantly (P \< 0.05) decreased in Cis-treated rats with concomitant elevation of malondialdehyde. Cis exposure increased the frequency of micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mPCE) by 92\%. Pretreatment with CFCN inhibited lipid peroxidation, enhanced the activities of some antioxidative enzymes and reduced the frequency of mPCE. Conclusions: Chloroform fraction of CFCN may protect against organs damage by Cis. Further studies are required to determine the component of the plant responsible for this activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cisplatin, Clastogenicity, Cocos nucifera, Lipid peroxidation}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.172658}, author = {Oluwatosin Adekunle Adaramoye and Adesola Fausat Azeez and Olufunke Elizabeth Ola-Davies} } @article {419, title = {Effect of Butea monosperma leaf extracts on cyclophosphamide induced clastogenicity and oxidative stress in mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {85-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Background: Butea monosperma is a medium sized deciduous tree of family Fabaceae. It is widely used by rural people in India to cure many disorders. It possesses antioxidant and anticancer activity which is a prerequisite for anticlastogenic activity. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Butea monosperma leaf extracts on cyclophosphamide induced clastogenicity and oxidative stress in mice. Materials and Methods: The present study assessed the role of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of B. monosperma (AQEBM and ETEBM) on cyclophosphamide (CP) induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice using micronucleus assay for anticlastogenic activity and biochemical estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) for antioxidant activity. The frequency of the micronucleated erythrocytes and mitotic index was studied in peripheral blood and bone marrow after 24 and 48 h of clastogenic exposure. Results: CP treatment led to a significant (P \< 0.001) increase in the frequency of micronuclei and decrease in the mitotic index (MI) in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells. Moreover, CP also significantly increased the lipid peroxidation as evidenced by an increase in the MDA content and decreased the antioxidant enzyme (GSH) in mice liver. Pretreatment with AQEBM and ETEBM reduced the frequency of micronuclei and increased the MI in the bone marrow and peripheral blood cells and also restored the MDA and GSH levels in mice liver. Conclusion: The AQEBM and ETEBM do contain compounds capable of inhibiting the CP induced oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage in both the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells in mice.

}, keywords = {Anticlastogenic, Lipid peroxidation, Micronucleus, Mitotic index.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147215}, author = {Amarjeet Singh and Mohanjit Kaur and Adarsh Choudhary and Bimlesh Kumar} } @article {795, title = {Antiarthritic and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf extract of Ficus exasperata P. Beauv. (Moraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {May 2010}, pages = {89-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata P. Beauv. (Moraceae) are commonly used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathological states including inflammatory disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiarthritic effect of an ethanolic extract of F. exasperata (FEE) in the Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Since free radicals and reactive oxygen species are implicated in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, the antioxidant potential of the extract was investigated in in vitro experimental models. FEE as well as the positive controls, dexamethasone and methotrexate, showed significant dose-dependent antiarthritic properties when applied to established adjuvant arthritis. Oral administration of FEE (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) significantly reduced the arthritic edema in the ipsilateral paw of rats with a maximal inhibition of 34.46 {\textpm} 11.42\%. FEE (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) also significantly prevented the spread of the edema from the ipsilateral to the contralateral paws indicating inhibition of systemic spread. The disease-modifying antirheumatic drug methotrexate (0.1-1 mg/kg i.p.) and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) also reduced very significantly the total polyarthritic edema as well as the spread of the arthritis from the ipsilateral to the contralateral paws of the treated animals. The extract also exhibited reducing activity (EC 50 = 8.105 {\textpm} 18.49), scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, EC 50 = 0.499 {\textpm} 0.302) and prevented lipid peroxidation (IC 50 = 1.283 {\textpm} 0.923) in rat brain homogenates. Phenols were detected in the extract. These results suggest that ethanolic extract of the leaves of F. exasperata exerts antiarthritic activity after oral administration and also has antioxidant properties which may contribute to its activity.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Ficus exasperata, Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, Lipid peroxidation, Total phenol}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.62958}, author = {Wonder M. K. Abotsi and Eric Woode and George K Ainooson and Ama K Amo-Barimah and Eric Boakye-Gyasi} } @article {869, title = {Diabetes Induced Oxidative Stress: A Comparative Study on Protective Role of Momordica charantia and Metformin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {299-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress which plays an important role in development of chronic complications of diabetes. Due to various side effects associated with the drugs used for the management of diabetes, the development of new plant based drugs is the renewed interest of the present time. The new prospective anti-diabetic formulations should possess anti-oxidative potential to resist the oxidative insult of tissues during diabetes and their potential should also be comparable with standard drugs. Momordica charantia is extensively used in India, China and other parts of the world as vegetable. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Momordica charantia (MC) on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of alloxan induced diabetic rats. In a 30 days treatment, rats were divided into four groups (I-IV) of five animals in each, experiments were repeated thrice. Administration of MC (13.33 g pulp/kg body weight/day) extract in diabetic rats has remarkably improved the elevated levels of fasting blood glucose. A significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p\<0.001) and increase in the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents in liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats were observed upon MC treatment. The antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties of MC were comparable with Metformin, a standard hypoglycemic drug.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Antioxidant status, Diabetic rat, Lipid peroxidation, Momordica charantia and metformin}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Tripathi Uma Nath and Chandra Deepak} } @article {591, title = {Effect of the Fractions of Coccinia grandis on Ethanol- Induced Cerebral Oxidative Stress in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {25-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of the various fractions of hydromethanol extract of the leaves of Coccinia grandis (Cucurbitaceae) against ethanol-induced cerebral oxidative stress in rats. The leaves of this species is used in traditional medicine for treating jaundice, bronchitis, skin eruptions, burns, rheumatism, syphilis, gonorrhoea, etc. Cerebral oxidative stress was induced in rats by the administration of 20\% ethanol (5 ml/100 g b.w.) for 28 days. The pet-ether (PEF), chloroform (CF), ethylacetate (EAF) and residual (RF) fractions at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. were simultaneously administered with ethanol orally for 28 days. Vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg orally was used as the standard. Administration of ethanol resulted in a significant increase in the activities of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid and lipid levels. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the levels of malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides and a reduction in the activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the brain. Simultaneous administration of the fractions prevented the enzymatic leakage and the rise in uric acid and lipid levels. All the fractions (except the residual fraction) prevented the peroxidative damage caused by ethanol, which is evidenced from the improved antioxidant potential. Further, histopathological examination of the brain tissue revealed that the fractions offered significant protection against ethanol toxicity. Among the fractions tested, the chloroform fraction exhibited appreciable antioxidant property, which was almost comparable with the standard Vitamin E. These results suggest that the leaves of Coccinia grandis exhibit significant antioxidant activity in ethanol-treated rats.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Coccinia grandis, ethanol, Hyperlipidemia, Lipid peroxidation}, author = {M. Umamaheswari and T. K. Chatterjee} }