@article {1423, title = {Microscopical Investigation of Punica granatum L. Flower: A Traditional Drug with Vivid Therapeutic Promise}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {645-653}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Background: The present study was conducted to lay down the microscopic examination of Punica granatum L. flower. This taxon{\textquoteright}s leaves, flowers, fruits and bark are known to possess medicinal properties. It is rich in vitamins C and K, potassium and dietary fiber and has antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer (Prostate), antidiabetic, anti-lipidemic, anti-hypertensive, heart-protective effects, Hepatoprotective and Immune system support properties. Results: The microscopy of the flower shows characteristic wing-like structures of the pedicel and its bicollateral vascular bundles, 5 locular ovary; each with more than 2 anatropous ovules, groups of sclereids forming the inner and outer bands in the receptacle that support ovary. Diagnostic features of powder microscopy include tricolpate pollen grains of 15.34 {\textmu}m to 23.68 {\textmu}m, tannin-filled cells, pitted sclereids of receptacle measuring 67.66 {\textmu}m to 113.73 {\textmu}m, rosette (17.51 {\textmu}m-24.26 {\textmu}m), prismatic (22.24 {\textmu}m-103.52 {\textmu}m) and rhomboidal (18.95 {\textmu}m) crystal of calcium oxalate, presence of duct and glandular trichomes. Conclusion: The current microscopic study aids not only in the identification of crude drug material but also in establishing the standardization parameters. Further, the results of this study indicated its peculiar characteristics such as the bicollateral position of vascular cells, the presence of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate, the presence of ducts and glandular trichomes exhibiting the presence of secondary metabolites in the flower.

}, keywords = {Microscopy, Punica granatum Linn., Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252086}, author = {Sonam Tamchos and Talat Anjum and Rama Rao and Shiddamallayya Nagayya and Gopesh Sharma} } @article {1518, title = {Pharmcognostical and Phytochemical Investigations on Stachytarpheta indica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1367-1373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1367}, abstract = {

Background: Stachytarpheta indica (Family: Verbenaceae), is a tropical plant useful to treat respiratory disorders, dropsy, rheumatic inflammation, intestinal worms and diarrhea. Pharmacological studies indicate antimicrobial, insecticidal and anthelmintic potential. Objectives: To establish quality control parameters, identify, isolate phytoconstituents and evaluate cytotoxic potential. Materials and Methods: S. indica was subjected to morphological, microscopical, phytochemical and cytotoxic studies. Flavonoid, scutellarin was identified by histochemical method and isolated; verbascoside was isolated, characterised by TLC of its hydrolytic products and UV spectroscopy. A new iridoid was isolated. Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of S. indica was assessed on cancer cell lines (A549 for lung cancer, HT29 for colon cancer and MCF7 for breast cancer). Results: Transverse Section (TS) of the leaf include multiple collateral vascular bundles; stem TS features collenchymatous hypodermis and lignified fibres; while cork, phloem, and central wood represent root structure. Furthermore, a simple method for isolation of verbascoside from the plant would be beneficial as an alternative method for this important phenylpropanoid. Moreover, a new iridoid methyl 1-(4-ethoxybut-3-yn-1-yl)-4a-methyl- 1,4a,5,6,7,7a hexahydrocyclopenta [c] pyran-4-carboxylate was isolated from aqueous fraction and characterized. The preliminary in vitro screening results of cytotoxicity study on cell lines indicated that the methanolic extract exhibited non-significant cytotoxicity on human lung cancer (A549) cells, colon cancer (HT29) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. Conclusion: Identification parameters developed in the study would be useful tool for its quality control and analysis. Simple method for identification and isolation of important compounds is easy to employ for future research.

}, keywords = {Histochemical, Microscopy, Scutellarin, Stachytarpheta indica, Verbascoside}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252305}, author = {Karuna Modi and Rachna Varsani and Mihir Bhatt and Krupa Gadhvi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1262, title = {Phyto-Pharmacognostical Standardization of Three Morpho-Variants of Cissus quadrangularis L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {518-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

Background: Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial climber belonging to the Vitaceae family. The plant is characterized by its succulent stems, which are square in cross-section, hence the specific epithet "quadrangularis." It is used exhaustively in treating osteoporosis and healing bone injury/ fracture due to its rich calcium, phosphorous and phytoestrogen content. The morphological variants C. quadrangularis viz. quadrangular, flat and round stemmed varieties are reported and used for the same purpose. Objectives: The current study aims to establish a comparative assessment of the morpho-anatomical and phytochemical characteristics of C. quadrangularis stem variants, specifically the round, flat and quadrangular varieties. Materials and Methods: The present study involved a comparative macroscopic and microscopic characterization, preliminary phytochemical screening and Chromatographic evaluation (HPTLC) of the stem samples of variants of C. quadrangularis. Results: The present study revealed a lot of similarities in anatomical characteristics, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical analyses and chromatographic observations. Conclusion: Phyto-pharmacognostic standards were established for three morpho-variants of C. quadrangularis.

}, keywords = {Asthisamhara, Cissus quadrangularis, Hadjod, HPTLC., Microscopy, SEM, Stereomicroscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pres.16.3.62}, author = {Goli Penchala Pratap and Mohd. Kashif Husain and Shyam Baboo Prasad and Arun Manohar Gurav and Mokhtar Alam and Goli Penchala Prasad and Younis Iftikhar Munshi} } @article {1091, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Evaluation of Sansevieria cylindrica Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {412-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {412}, abstract = {

Aim and Objectives: The exploitation, adulteration and substitution of herbs is major hurdle for development of commercial natural products. Thus, the microscopic evaluation is the first step towards standardization of medicinal plant. A leaf from Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook is examined both macroscopically and microscopically in the current study. Materials and Methods: Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook (Asparagaceae) is an indoor ornamental plant. Macroscopic characteristics viz. size and shape, colour, odour and taste were studied. Microscopic evaluations were performed by means of high-resolution microscope. Anatomy of the leaves was examined by following standard method of section cutting. Results: The macroscopic assessment showed that the plant leaves are light to dark green in colour having highly fibrous structure. Stomatal constants of 230, 19.6\% stomatal index, 53.34/mm2 vein islet number, and 79.12/mm2 vein termination number were noted in the leaves. Anomocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, xylem fibres, oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. were all revealed in detailed microscopy. Conclusion: The macroscopic and microscopic findings of the Sansevieria cylindrica leaf are applicable for standardization and authentication of plant.

}, keywords = {Microscopy, Purity etc, Quality, Sansevieria cylindrica, Stomata, Xylem}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.60}, author = {Sunil Shewale and Vaishali Undale and Maruti Shelar and Bhushan Pimple and Mohini Kuchekar and Vrushali Bhalchim} } @article {408, title = {Comparing and Authenticating on Anatomical Aspects of Abrus Cantoniensis and Abrus mollis by Microscopy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {148-155}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Abrus cantoniensis is popularly used as traditional Chinese medicine and a cool tea in South of China. However, due to diminishing source of A. cantoniensis, it is usually interchanged or adulterated with other species of Abrus genus because of the limited knowledge in identification and differentiation. Especially, Abrus mollis is widely mixed on herbal markets and pharmaceutical preparation. Objective: To ensure safety and efficacy, a detailed comparison was undertaken to carry out an anatomical and micro-morphological study of two species of A. cantoniensis and A. mollis. Materials and Methods: Microscopic characteristics of roots, leaves and stems, including transverse sections and the crude drug powder, were observed using a light microscope according to the usual microscopic techniques. Results: The basic diagnostic features of A . cantoniensis include that stem is extremely thin; xylem vessels of root are radially arranged in 10 or more bundles; pith is hollow in stem, and the palisade tissue is made up of two layers of palisade cells. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy was used to compare nonglandular hairs and the stomata of the leaflet surface. A table of the key authentication parameters based on the analyzed microscopic characteristics was drawn up. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the microscopy and related techniques provided a systematic method that is convenient, feasible, and can be unambiguously applied to the authentication of the species of Abrus.

}, keywords = {Abrus Cantoniensis, Abrus mollis, Authentication, Microscopy}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.150526}, author = {Zhifeng Zhang and Luyang Lu and Yuan Liu and Linsen Qing} }