@article {363, title = {Solubility of Calcium Oxalate and Calcium Phosphate Crystallization in the Presence of Crude Extract and Fractions from Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {379-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: Urinary tract stones are the third common urinary tract disease that may lead to renal failure. Kelussia odoratissima is traditionally used in the treatment of kidney stones in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari region. This study was designed to investigate in vitro effect of crude extract and fractions of K. odoratissima on kidney stones (calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate). Materials and Methods: A total of 70\% ethanolic extract of K. odoratissima was prepared by maceration method followed by liquid{\textendash}liquid extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and saturated n-butanol to get four fractions. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were synthesized and then were treated with hydroalcoholic extract and fractions. Their effects on the dissolution of generated stone were assayed by calcium kit. The stones were synthesized and confirmed by fourier-transform infrared technique. Results: Results showed that total extract and its fractions had significant potency to dissolve calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals. The results indicate the higher potency of fractions containing nonpolar compounds to dissolve calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stones compared to the fractions containing polar compounds. n-butanolic fraction had the least effect and hexane fraction had the greatest effect on the calcium phosphate stones. Furthermore, the total extract has less dissolution ability, compared to the fractions. Conclusion: The obtained results of this study exhibited that the use of K. odoratissima extract and its fractions could help to dissolve urinary stones. Therefore, it can be effective in prevention and treatment of kidney stones on people who are prone to the formation of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones.

}, keywords = {Calcium oxalate, Calcium phosphate, Extract, Kelussia odoratissima, Kidney stone}, doi = {10.4103/pr.pr_68_18}, author = {Akram Torki and Tahereh Hosseinabadi and Sheida Fasihzadeh and Arezo Sadeghimanesh and Joko Priyanto Wibowo and Zahra Lorigooini} } @article {962, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Rutin and Curcumin on Experimentally-induced Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, month = {January 2011}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Background: Renal epithelial cell injury by reactive oxygen species is pre-requisite step in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Rutin and curcumin are polyphenolic compounds known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, but their effect on urolithiasis is yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we have investigated the inhibitory effect of rutin and curcumin on calcium oxalate urolithiasis in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Calcium oxalate urolithiasis was induced experimentally by administration of 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol with 1\% w/v ammonium chloride in drinking water for three days followed by only 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol for 25 days. Rutin (20 mg/kg body weight) and curcumin (60 mg/kg body weight) were given once daily for 28 days by oral route. After treatment period, calcium and oxalate levels in urine and kidney tissue homogenate were measured. Kidney was also used for histopathological examination. Results: Stone-induction with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride resulted in elevated levels of calcium and oxalate in the urine and kidney sample, whereas supplementation of rutin and curcumin restored it near to normal. Histopathological study revealed minimum tissue damage and less number of calcium oxalate deposits in kidney of animal treated with rutin and curcumin as compared to calculi-induced animal. Conclusion: The data suggest that the rutin and curcumin inhibits calcium oxalate urolithiasis. This effect is mediated possibly through a lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

}, keywords = {Calcium oxalate, Curcumin, Ethylene glycol, Rutin, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.75462}, author = {Jaydip Ghodasara and Anil Pawar and Chinmay Deshmukh and Bhanudas Kuchekar} } @article {945, title = {The Effects of N-butanol Fraction and N-butanol Phase Remnant From 50\% Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract of Cyndon Dactylon on Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones in Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {1}, year = {2009}, month = {January 2010 }, pages = {431-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {431}, abstract = {

Renal stones are common and its prevalence has been rising in both sexes. Treatment of patients with kidney stones in primary stages can reduce the side effects and may also prevent the surgical operations and postoperative complications. Several effects including: anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects have been reported for Cynodon dactylon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N-butanol fractionand N-butanol phase remnant of Cynodon dactylon extracton calcium oxalate kidney stones in male rats.

Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. All groups were studied during 35 days of experiment according to the protocol of study. Normal control group (1) received tap drinking water. Negative control group (2) received 1\% ethylene glycol in drinking water. Experimental groups (3 and 4) were treated with 1\% ethylene glycol as well as 5mg/kg N-butanol fraction or 5mg/kg N-butanol phase remnant from 50\% aqueous-ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon from first day of the experiment and continued during all protocol time.At the end of experiment, kidneys were removed for histopathologic study and examined for counting calcium oxalate deposits in 10 microscopic fields. Data were expressed as Mean{\textpm} SEM and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and subsequently by Mann-Whitney; p\<0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that the number of calcium oxalate deposits in 10 microscopic fields in groups 3 (p=0.008) and 4 (p=0.00) vs group 2 were significantly decreased. The results of this study revealed that N-butanol fraction and N-butanol phase remnant from 50\% aqueous-ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon can reduce calcium oxalate stones in the rat kidney by 40 and 55\% respectively. Therefore, Cynodon dactylon has beneficial effects on kidney stone removal and might be used in human treatment.

}, keywords = {Calcium oxalate, Cynodon dactylon, Ethylene glycol, Kidney stones}, doi = {Nil}, author = {Hajzadeh Musa-Al-Reza and Behnam Rassouli Fatemeh and Khajavirad Abolfaz and Mahmoudian Alireza} }