@article {1389, title = {Interaction between Anti Diabetic Drugs and Herbs: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {385-401}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Diabetes is a long-term medical disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin use. It is caused by a pathogenic process that results in insulin insufficiency due to the death of β-cells. Uneven insulin secretion and use contribute to diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic beta cell loss is a primary cause of diabetes mellitus, which is associated with both insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance. Herbal medicines have been used for treating illness since ancient times, with over 800 plants having potential anti-diabetic properties. These plants have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic applications, including lowering blood glucose levels and enhancing beta-cell function. It is a common trend in Asian countries specifically in India that herbal medicine/s along with allopathic medicine/s is used. Herbal drug interactions can occur when conventional medications and herbal remedies are used together, leading to elevated toxicity or pharmacological effects. Xenobiotic substrates can affect the biological activity of xenobiotic substrates and other compounds, leading to increased oral bioavailability and decreased clearance and excretion. Cytochrome induction, triggered by AhR and PXR receptors, can improve the activity of intestinal and hepatic enzymes, affecting oral bioavailability and plasma concentration. The therapeutic benefit of herbal drugs that induce cytochrome induction is reduced when taken concurrently, hence in the present review interactions (pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic) of 27 plants having anti-diabetic property with oral anti-diabetic agents have studied.

}, keywords = {Anti diabetic effect, Cytochrome (cyp), Herbal drug interaction, In vitro study, In vivo study, Pharmacodynamic study, Pharmacokinetic study, Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252023}, author = {Ruchika Mourya and Rajesh Sharma} } @article {1092, title = {Antifungal Screening of Surveyed Plants of Gwadabawa/Illela Communities of Sokoto State-Northwest Nigeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {417-422}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Background: An earlier ethnobotanical study afforded fifteen surveyed plants, which are used as antifungal and wound healing remedies. This informed their antifungal screening to validate folklore claims. Materials and Methods: Identified, procured, and authenticated medicinal plants were each, defatted in hexane and extracted with methanol before partitioning with n-butanol to obtain an n-butanol extract with solubilized antifungal compounds in the organic phase. The resulting concentrated n-butanol extracts were then screened by subjecting each plant extract to in vitro antifungal assay for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract on Aspergillus niger in a 96-well flat bottom polystyrene microtiter plate using the broth microdilution method as outlined in the 2021 Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guideline. Results: The antifungal screening of the plants presented active plant extracts with variable antifungal properties of MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 250 (mg/ml). Only the extract of Balanites aegyptica showed no activity at all concentrations tested. The lowest extreme was recorded for Ficus Platyphylla, which gave a slight activity at the highest MIC of 125mg/ml, while the highest activity was recorded for Faidherbia albida at the lowest test concentration with a MIC of 3.90625 mg/ml. The other thirteen extracts exhibited antifungal activity in varying degree with the following MICs: Stecullia setigera (7.8125 mg/ml), Annona senegalensis (7.8125 mg/ml), Uraria picta (7.8125 mg/ml) Combretum collinum (15.65 mg/ml), Afromosia lexiflora (15.65 mg/ml), Waltheria indica (15.65 mg/ml), Guiera senegalensis (15.65 mg/ml), Carica papaya (31.25 mg/ml), Rogeria adenophylla (31.25 mg/ml), Pennisetum hordeoides (31.25 mg/ml), Acacia nilotica (31.25 mg/ml) and Sida ovata (62.5 mg/ml). Conclusion: The in vitro antifungal potential of these surveyed plants supports their traditional use, hence, information (data) furnished by this study can be exploited for their further evaluations as antimicrobial drug leads of nature.

}, keywords = {Antifungal remedy, Faidherbia albida, Gwadabawa/Illela, Plant extract, Surveyed plants}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.4.61}, author = {Mathias Sylvester Nefai and Mshelia Halilu Emanuel and Giaze Tijani Rabiu and Hussain Yahaya Ungo-Kore} } @article {359, title = {Effect of Tamarindus indica L. and Manihot esculenta Extracts on Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {195-199}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Background: The chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine exhibits biologically active compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids and becomes a promising approach to treat microbial infections, mainly with drug-resistant bacteria. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Tamarindus indica (tamarind) and Manihot esculenta (cassava) as antimicrobial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolated and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Hydroethanolic leaf extracts were prepared and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection, Fourier transform infrared, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, and ultraviolet-visible methods. The antimicrobial activity against four strains of clinical relevance was evaluated by the microdilution method at minimum inhibitory concentrations. Results: Phenolic compounds such as flavonoids were detected in the plant extracts. T. indica extract at 500 μg/mL showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa; however, M. esculenta showed only activity against P. aeruginosa in this concentration. Conclusions: Our results suggested that polyphenols and flavonoids present in T. indica leaf extracts are a potential source of antimicrobial compound. The T. indica extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa while M. esculenta had effect only on P. aeruginosa meropenem resistant.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Antimicrobial, Plant extract}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.204648}, author = {Zenon Machado Lima and Lenilson Santos da Trindade and Genelane Cruz Santana and Francine Ferreira Padilha and Marcelo da Costa Mendon{\c c}a and Luiz Pereira da Costa and Jorge A L{\'o}pez and Maria Lucila Hern{\'a}ndez Macedo} }