@article {1538, title = {Herbal Formulations in the Management of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {November 2025}, pages = {1-10}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is a frequent oral health issue marked by frequent ulcers. Traditional treatments such as corticosteroids and antimicrobial mouthwashes commonly offered short-term benefits but carried possible adverse reactions, necessitating the search for other remedies. Herbal remedies provided a holistic strategy by addressing immune system issues, microbial imbalances, and tissue inflammation. Aloe vera, green tea, and echinacea offer hope because of their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. These natural treatments targeted the intricate pathophysiology of RAS effectively while causing few side effects, ultimately improving patient safety and adherence for extended periods. The study aims to tackle the root causes of illnesses while also enhancing overall health and well-being. As research progresses in this area, herbal blends could be a practical and efficient option for patients with recurring aphthous stomatitis. The active components functioned together to enhance treatment effectiveness, decrease doses, and mitigate the chances of developing drug resistance. Personalized herbal treatments, designed specifically for each patient{\textquoteright}s unique needs and symptoms, have produced increased satisfaction and effectiveness. The present review emphasized the importance of such herbal formulations to confirm their efficacy and safety. There is promising potential for herbal formulations in RAS treatment to provide a safe, natural, and convenient alternative to traditional therapies. Improved cooperation between conventional healers and contemporary researchers could enhance the comprehension and application of these treatments.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobials, Herbal Extracts, Immunomodulatory, Oral Ulcers.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20260033}, author = {Anoop Kumar and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Kavya Dharmaraj} } @article {1515, title = {Isolation of Bioactive Metabolites from Tephrosia maxima and Tephrosia callophylla: A Phytochemical and Functional Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1341-1347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1341}, abstract = {

Tephrosia maxima and Tephrosia callophylla, two lesser-studied members of the Fabaceae family, were evaluated for their phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological profiles in this study. Aqueous extracts from shade-dried leaves were subjected to SEM analysis, hemocompatibility testing, and assays for anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and general toxicity. SEM revealed irregular crystalline morphologies, indicative of diverse bioactive constituents. Both extracts exhibited \<2\% hemolysis, confirming systemic biocompatibility. Antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus was evident, along with potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy, with up to 80\% nitric oxide inhibition and 90\% DPPH radical scavenging. Toxicity studies using brine shrimp and zebrafish embryos showed high viability and minimal adverse effects. These findings highlight the therapeutic promise and biosafety of T. maxima and T. callophylla, supporting their potential for drug discovery and biomedical applications. Further studies are needed to isolate active compounds and elucidate molecular mechanisms.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-microbial, Photochemical, Tephrosia}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20250024}, author = {Anoop Kumar and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Priyadharshini Muthumanickam and Bargavi Purushothaman} } @article {1375, title = {Preliminary Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Taraxacum officinale Leaf Extract: An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {277-282}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Background: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is known for its bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Oral inflammatory lesions, such as oral lichen planus and aphthous stomatitis, are associated with microbial imbalance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study evaluates the potential of T. officinale leaf extract as a natural alternative for treating these lesions. Objectives: To assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of T. officinale leaf extract, and to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for oral inflammatory lesions. Materials and Methods: Ethanol was used to extract bioactive compounds from dried T. officinale leaves. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using agar diffusion. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring protein denaturation inhibition. Cytotoxicity was tested using zebrafish embryos, with survival rates and developmental changes monitored. Results: The leaf extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, inhibiting both S. aureus and E. coli, especially at higher concentrations. Antioxidant activity was notable, with near-complete free radical scavenging at higher doses. Anti-inflammatory effects were concentration-dependent, with maximum inhibition of protein denaturation at 100 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity studies revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with reduced survival in zebrafish embryos at 40 μL/mL and higher concentrations. Conclusion: T. officinale leaf extract demonstrates strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its potential as a treatment for oral inflammatory lesions. However, its dose-dependent toxicity highlights the need for further research to determine safe and effective therapeutic doses.

}, keywords = {anti-inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, Dandelion, Natural therapeutics, Oral inflammatory lesions, Taraxacum officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252021}, author = {Namira Fateen and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Pratibha Ramani} } @article {1443, title = {Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Formulation of Opiorphin and Lysozyme: An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {831-835}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {831}, abstract = {

Background: The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of opiorphin and lysozyme are vital for health maintenance and disease prevention. Opiorphin reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and boosting antioxidant enzymes. Lysozyme helps manage inflammation, supporting quicker healing in infections and injuries. These properties protect cellular components from damage, regulate inflammation and promote recovery. Understanding and utilizing these effects can enhance medical treatments and overall health. Materials and Methods: opiorphin is purchased in powder form and lysozyme is obtained from artificial saliva. Anti-inflammatory assay is performed with 0.2 mL of albumin and 3 mL of phosphate buffer in pH of 6.4+combination of opiorphin and lysozyme taken in different concentrations (20, 40, 60 ug/ mL). Likewise, antioxidant assay with 28 mM of sodium phosphate, 0.6M sulphuric acid+, 4M of ammonium molybdate+opiorphin and lysozyme and anti-bacterial assay with freshly prepared nutrient broth of Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutants. Results: In anti-inflammatory assay, higher concentrations of the substance result in increased absorbance, indicating greater anti-inflammatory activity. Salicylic acid has the highest absorbance, suggesting it is the most effective in this assay. In an antioxidant assay, a minimal increase after increasing concentration is noted, measured by absorbance at 517 nm. Likewise, HC shows larger inhibition zones compared to LC. Conclusion: Lysozyme and opiorphin have numerous beneficial qualities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ones. The findings are quite valuable. Although lysozyme and opiorphin alone have several advantages, when combined, they would improve or synergize the process. To create a medicine, research must be conducted in tandem to determine its pharmacophore and binding energy.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory property, Antibacterial property, Antioxidant property, Lysozyme, Opiorphin}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252125}, author = {Vimalasubhashini Vivekbalamithran and Abilasha Ramasubramanian and Saheb Ali} }