@article {1030, title = {In vitro Study of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Leaf Extracts on Foam Cells and their Antioxidant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {121-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Background: Internalization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages results in lipid-laden foam cell transformation and pro-inflammatory cytokine releasing leading to atherosclerosis which is one of chronic inflammatory diseases. Leaf extracts from Chaya or Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst. were reported to show a potential effect on levels of lipids and lipoproteins in in vivo. Objectives: This study was to determine the biological activities of crude ethanolic extracts from Chaya leaves on foam cell formation and inflammation. Materials and Methods: Extracts of age different leaves were screened the contents of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and nitric oxide production by using macrophages (RAW264.7). The effective extract was selected to study on the formation of foam cells, protein production and TNF-α gene expression. Results: All extracts showed antioxidative activity and less cytotoxicity to the cells. A mature leaf extract (Ma-CAE) significantly reduced nitric oxide production (IC50 of 235.23 {\textpm} 21.29 μg/mL). For foam cell formation, Ma-CAE slightly reduced oxLDL-induced foam cell formation. Co-treatment of oxLDL, LPS and Ma-CAE decreased the level of TNF-α production. In addition, co-treatment of 800 μg/mL Ma-CAE and oxLDL as well as co-treatment of 800 μg/mL Ma-CAE, oxLDL and LPS, significantly decreased mRNA levels of TNF-α genes. Conclusion: These results indicated that Chaya leaf extracts could slightly decrease foam cell formation and also reduce pro-inflammatory mediators which may further decrease foam cell formation.

Key words: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Anti-inflammation, OxLDL, TNF-α, Foam cells.

}, doi = {10.5530/pres.14.2.17}, author = {Bung-on Prajanban and Niramai Fangkrathok} } @article {991, title = {Potential Cosmeceutical Applications and Evaluation of Human Skin Irritation of Tagetes erecta L. Flower Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {October 2021}, pages = {199-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {199}, abstract = {

Background: Tagetes erecta L. has been traditionally used for treatment of skin diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate in vitro skin anti-aging, antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and human skin irritation of T. erecta flower extract for development as a cosmeceutical skin product using aqueous, 50\%, and 95\% ethanolic extracts of T. erecta flower. Methods: Total phenolic content was defined. Quantitative analysis of syringic acid was determined by using HPLC. Antioxidant activities were performed by measurement of 2,2-diphenyl 1-pichylhydazyl free radical scavenger. Anti-aging assays were monitored inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase activities. Antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was also investigated. The extract was formulated as a lotion and its stability study was evaluated and human skin irritation tests were performed. Results: The 95\% ethanolic extract had significantly higher total phenolic content and syringic acid content than the other extracts. The 95\% ethanolic extract also had stronger inhibitory activities on DPPH scavenging and against tyrosinase, elastase and hyaluronidase enzyme activities than those of 50\% ethanolic or water extracts. The 95\% ethanolic extracts showed a better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The developed lotion containing 1\% of T. erecta extract using 95\% ethanol was stable. Moreover, skin irritation was not observed in healthy volunteers after applying the T. erecta lotion. Conclusion: This study indicates that T. erecta flower extracts, especially a 95\% ethanolic extract, are potential sources for development of cosmeceutical skin products against enzymes/reactions responsible for skin aging and bacterial skin infection.

}, keywords = {Anti-aging, Asteraceae, Marigold, Skin irritation, Tagetes erecta L.}, doi = {10.5530/pres.13.4.12}, author = {Catheleeya Mekjaruskul and Supakanya Kumkarnjana and Niramai Fangkrathok and Worapol Kengkittipat and Nuttawut Sirichat} }