@article {1468, title = {Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for Diosgenin, A Bioactive Compound in the Rhizomes of Chamaecostus cuspidatus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {1044-1049}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1044}, abstract = {

Chamaecostus cuspidatus is an important medicinal herb, with rhizomes which are rich in diosgenin content and are mainly used as an antidiabetic and anticancer. Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin (5α-Spirosten-3β-ol) and belongs to the spirostanol group. A validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to estimate diosgenin. C. cuspidatus is native to India and Sri Lanka. In this study, diosgenin was separated by HPLC using a welchrom 5 μm-C18 column, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL /min, by keeping the injection volume 10 μL. The column temperature was maintained at 25{\textordmasculine}C and detection was carried out at wavelength 232 nm. The retention time for diosgenin was found to be 7.086 min. Data analysis was performed using lab solution software. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was found to be 0.753 μg/mL for diosgenin. The Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was found to be 2.341 μg/mL for diosgenin. Recovery of diosgenin was found to be 91.90\%. The proposed HPLC method was validated as per ICH guidelines and was found to be selective, sensitive, and accurate for the estimation of diosgenin from the rhizome of C. cuspidatus. To the best of our knowledge, there are limited studies on the HPLC quantification of diosgenin from C. cuspidatus this is the novel study on HPLC of diosgenin from the rhizomes of C. cuspidatus.

}, keywords = {Chamaecostus cuspidatus rhizomes, Diosgenin, Validated HPLC method}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252199}, author = {Hit Saliya and Jagdish Madam and Harsh Patel and Mihir Lakhani and Vivek Patel and Lakhandeep Shah and Vidhi Vyas and Mamta Shah} } @article {1342, title = {High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Methods for Estimation of Chemical Markers in Stachytarpheta indica Vahl.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {94-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Stachytarpheta indica Vahl. (Verbenaceae family), commonly known as Indian Snakeweed, is a valuable medicinal plant. A systematic phytochemical analysis of bioactives of this plant is lacking till date. Objectives: The present study is aimed to develop validated High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) methods for quantification of 6 marker compounds, β-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid, apigenin, caffeic acid and verbascoside in S. indica plant. Materials and Methods: Normal phase chromatography was used to develop mobile phase systems that could aid in the identification and quantification of the phytochemicals in the entire plant. Several enhancements were made to the basic method of thin-layer chromatography to automate the different steps, to increase the resolution achieved and to allow more accurate quantitative measurement. The methods were validated as per the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship (r2=0.9873-0.9979) in the concentration range of 1-5 μg for β-sitosterol, lupeol and ursolic acid; 0.5-5 μg for apigenin, 1-3 μg for caffeic acid; and 3-8 μg per spot for verbascoside with respect to area. The average recoveries for phytoconstituents were 98.32 to 98.97\%, indicating the good reproducibility. Verbascoside 1.3598{\textpm}0.014\% w/w was present at high concentration and ursolic acid 0.0027{\textpm}0.0007\% w/w was present at low concentration in the whole plant powder. Conclusion: The validated TLC-densitometric methods were simple, precise, accurate, specific and can be used for the routine quality control of raw materials of S. indica.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, Caffeic acid, High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Stachytarpheta indica, Ursolic acid, Verbascoside}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251934}, author = {Vihangi Patel and Krupa Gadhvi and Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1354, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications and RP-HPLC Analysis of Manilkara hexandra Stembark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {154-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Background: Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) is valued in traditional system of medicine as febrifuge, astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysentric etc. Objectives: The current study aimed for establishing quality control parameters accompanied by development of validated Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method of four bioactive flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin) in stembark. Materials and Methods: The stembark was evaluated for complete pharmacognostical parameters such as macroscopy, microscopy, ash value and extractive values. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5\% orthophosphoric acid and 100\% methanol (40:60 \%v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The analysis was performed using a UV detector at different wavelengths. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and recovery. Results: Transverse section of the stembark showed presence of rhytidoma, discontinuous rows of phloem fibres associated with idioblasts, ceretanchyma and few latex cells in phloem. In HPLC study, good linearity was observed over the investigated concentration range of 5-30 μg/mL for quercetin and luteolin; 2-64 μg/mL of kaempferol and 2-12 μg/mL of apigenin with correlation coefficient (r2) values greater than 0.998. The intra- and inter-day precision over the concentration range was \<0.57\% (relative standard deviation) and the accuracy were between 98.06 and 100.65\%. The \%RSD of recovery for all the analytes was 0.49-0.81\%. Conclusion: The information derived on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPLC method for estimation of four bioactives for M. hexandra, would aid as coherent measures for its quality assessment.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Manilkara hexandra stembark, RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography), Standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20251963}, author = {Sapna Sharma and Karuna Modi and Viral Asodariya and Saroj Kumar Katara and Mamta Shah} } @article {1518, title = {Pharmcognostical and Phytochemical Investigations on Stachytarpheta indica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {1367-1373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1367}, abstract = {

Background: Stachytarpheta indica (Family: Verbenaceae), is a tropical plant useful to treat respiratory disorders, dropsy, rheumatic inflammation, intestinal worms and diarrhea. Pharmacological studies indicate antimicrobial, insecticidal and anthelmintic potential. Objectives: To establish quality control parameters, identify, isolate phytoconstituents and evaluate cytotoxic potential. Materials and Methods: S. indica was subjected to morphological, microscopical, phytochemical and cytotoxic studies. Flavonoid, scutellarin was identified by histochemical method and isolated; verbascoside was isolated, characterised by TLC of its hydrolytic products and UV spectroscopy. A new iridoid was isolated. Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of S. indica was assessed on cancer cell lines (A549 for lung cancer, HT29 for colon cancer and MCF7 for breast cancer). Results: Transverse Section (TS) of the leaf include multiple collateral vascular bundles; stem TS features collenchymatous hypodermis and lignified fibres; while cork, phloem, and central wood represent root structure. Furthermore, a simple method for isolation of verbascoside from the plant would be beneficial as an alternative method for this important phenylpropanoid. Moreover, a new iridoid methyl 1-(4-ethoxybut-3-yn-1-yl)-4a-methyl- 1,4a,5,6,7,7a hexahydrocyclopenta [c] pyran-4-carboxylate was isolated from aqueous fraction and characterized. The preliminary in vitro screening results of cytotoxicity study on cell lines indicated that the methanolic extract exhibited non-significant cytotoxicity on human lung cancer (A549) cells, colon cancer (HT29) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. Conclusion: Identification parameters developed in the study would be useful tool for its quality control and analysis. Simple method for identification and isolation of important compounds is easy to employ for future research.

}, keywords = {Histochemical, Microscopy, Scutellarin, Stachytarpheta indica, Verbascoside}, doi = {10.5530/pres.20252305}, author = {Karuna Modi and Rachna Varsani and Mihir Bhatt and Krupa Gadhvi and Mamta Shah} } @article {407, title = {Development of Validated High-performance Thin-layer Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Thespesia populnea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {277-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thespesia populnea L. (Family: Malvaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant distributed in tropical regions of the world and cultivated in South Gujarat and indicated to be useful in cutaneous affections, psoriasis, ringworm, and eczema. Bark and fruits are indicated in the diseases of skin, urethritis, and gonorrhea. The juice of fruits is employed in treating certain hepatic diseases. The plant is reported to contain flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, gossypetin, Kaempferol-3-monoglucoside, β-sitosterol, kaempferol-7-glucoside, and gossypol. T. populnea is a common component of many herbal and Ayurvedic formulation such as Kamilari and Liv-52. Objective: The present study aimed at developing validated and reliable high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the analysis of quercetin and kaempferol simultaneously in T. populnea. Method: The method employed thin-layer chromatography aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel as the stationary phase and toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:4:0.3 v/v/v) as the mobile phase, which gave compact bands of quercetin and kaempferol. Result: Linear regression data for the calibration curves of standard quercetin and kaempferol showed a good linear relationship over a concentration range of 100{\textendash}600 ng/spot and 500{\textendash}3000 ng/spot with respect to the area and correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.9955 and 0.9967. The method was evaluated regarding accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness. Limits of detection and quantitation were recorded as 32.06 and 85.33 ng/spot and 74.055 and 243.72 ng/spot for quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that this method employing HPTLC in the quantitative determination of quercetin and kaempferol is efficient, simple, accurate, and validated.

}, keywords = {High-performance thin-layer chromatography, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Thespesia populnea}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.210326}, author = {Hiteksha Panchal and Aeshna Amin and Mamta Shah} } @article {424, title = {Anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Bryonia laciniosa seeds and its saponins rich fraction in neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Research}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2014}, pages = {92-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Context: Bryonia laciniosa Linn. (Cucurbitaceae) seed is used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments including metabolic disorders. Aim: This study evaluated the anti-diabetic action of the ethanol extract of B. laciniosa seeds and saponin fraction of it through its effect on hyperglycemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in neonatally streptozotocin (n-STZ)-induced diabetic rats (n-STZ diabetic rats). Materials and Methods: Ethanol extract (250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.), saponin fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and standard drug glibenclamide (3 mg/kg; p.o.) were administered to diabetic rats when the rats were 6 weeks old and continued for 10 consecutive weeks. Effects of ethanol extract and saponin fraction on various biochemical parameters were studied in diabetic rats. Results: The treatment with ethanol extract and saponin fraction for 10 weeks decrease in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, serum urea, serum creatinine and diminished activities of aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. The anti-hyperglycemic nature of B. laciniosa is probably brought about by the extra-\ the pancreatic mechanism as evidenced from unchanged levels of plasma insulin. B. laciniosa modulated effect of diabetes on the liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. Administration of ethanol extract and saponin fraction to diabetic rats showed a significant reversal of disturbed antioxidant status. Significant increase in SOD, CAT, and levels of GSH was observed in treated n-STZ diabetic rats. Conclusion: The present studyreveals the efficacy of B. laciniosa seed extract and its\  \ saponin fraction in the amelioration of n-STZ diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Hyperglycemia, Oxidative stress.}, doi = {10.4103/0974-8490.147217}, author = {Sandip B. Patel and Devdas Santani and Veena Patel and Mamta Shah} }